Table 3.

Results from mixed regression of relations between MAPS scores and walking and biking for transport^†. Reported with and without adjusting for macro-level walkability.

	Children		Adolescents		Adults		Older adults
	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted^b	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted^b	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted^b	Adjusted^a	Unadjusted^b
Destinations & Land Use
Positive Characteristics
Residential Mix	1.403	2.840^**	1.989^*	3.435^**	4.396^***	6.265^***	2.351^*	3.729^***
Shops	1.683	2.361^*	1.577	3.043^**	2.773^**	4.105^***	4.758^***	6.143^***
Restaurant-Entertainment	3.093^**	3.442^**	2.090^*	3.483^**	3.756^***	4.960^***	4.960^***	5.957^***
Institutional-Service	2.754^**	3.645^***	1.102	2.990^**	3.545^***	5.352^***	3.670^***	5.794^***
Government-Service	−0.120	0.294	0.950	1.901	2.271^*	3.116^**	1.765	2.656^**
Public Recreation	0.651	1.750	1.026	2.071^*	1.784	2.842^**	−0.807	−0.412
Private Recreation	0.966	1.125	0.268	0.636	−.688	−.479	0.812	0.684
Parking	0.302	0.703	−0.488	0.110	1.223	1.859	−1.459	−1.630
Transit Stops	2.256^*	3.411^**	2.270^*	3.973^***	3.573^***	5.469^***	0.868	1.324
Valence and Overall
Positive	3.017^**	4.301^***	2.168^*	4.278^***	4.376^***	6.489^***	5.101^***	7.220^***
Negative	0.282	1.096	1.282	1.963	1.500	2.571^*	1.562	2.036^*
Overall	3.269^**	4.500^***	1.953	4.053^***	4.326^***	6.365^***	4.928^***	6.909^***
Streetscape Characteristics
Valence and Overall
Positive	2.290^*	3.433^**	2.505^*	3.969^***	3.764^***	5.315^***	1.390	2.105^*
Negative	−2.610^**	−3.621^***	−2.933^**	−4.570^***	−2.762^**	−4.696^***	−2.671^**	−4.037^***
Overall	2.760^**	4.024^***	3.039^**	4.775^***	4.015^***	5.898^***	2.030^*	3.101^**
Aesthetics & Social Characteristics
Valence and Overall
Positive	0.613	0.310	0.218	0.721	−.677	−.792	2.930^**	−0.805
Negative	−0.609	−0.166	2.587^*	3.940^***	3.328^**	4.512^***	−1.586	3.381^**
Overall	0.735	0.271	−1.757	−2.512^*	−2.738^**	−3.658^***	−2.996^**	−2.936^**
Crossings/Intersections
Positive Characteristics
Crosswalk Amenities	2.849^**	3.524^***	0.191	0.911	.175	1.192	1.664	2.258^*
Curb Quality	2.538^*	3.088^**	0.011	1.063	1.738	2.594^*	2.307^*	3.510^**
Intersection Control	0.247	1.382	0.968	1.771	−.370	.907	2.718^**	3.581^***
Neqative Characteristics
Road Width	2.207^*	3.055^**	0.343	1.277	1.837	2.261^*	−0.677	−0.611
Impediments	−2.944^**	−3.308^**	0.938	−0.226	−2.124^*	−2.923^**	−2.650^**	−3.911^***
Valence and Overall
Positive	2.464^*	3.512^***	0.488	1.594	.716	2.085^*	2.699^**	3.848^***
Negative	−1.815	−1.752	1.036	0.336	−1.212	−1.797	−2.636^**	−3.693^***
Overall	2.577^*	3.336^**	−0.035	1.065	1.011	2.263^*	3.002^**	4.281^***
Street Segments
Positive Characteristics
Building Height-Setback	3.080^**	4.514^***	2.056^*	3.933^***	3.374^**	5.242^***	3.072^**	4.578^***
Building Height-Road Width Ratio	0.828	1.276	0.032	1.062	2.530^*	3.467^**	1.648	3.014^**
Buffer	3.532^***	5.229^***	2.126^*	2.969^**	4.832^***	6.510^***	1.648	3.762^***
Bike Infrastructure	0.355	0.278	0.974	1.497	2.708^**	3.080^**	−0.488	−.672
Trees	1.819	1.876	0.834	0.923	2.088^*	2.591^*	0.659	1.827
Building Aesthetics/Design	0.575	1.396	0.369	1.566	1.294	2.195^*	1.405	1.650
Sidewalk	4.353^***	5.239^***	1.529	3.365^**	3.842^***	5.363^***	1.855	3.527^***
Negative Characteristics
Sidewalk Obstructions/Hazards	−4.066^***	−5.076^***	−1.319	−2.436^*	−2.700^**	−3.795^***	−1.725	−3.432^**
Wide One-Way Street Design^c	0.354	0.607	1.148	2.613^**	2.758^**	3.862^***	.575	1.359
Slope	−4.513^***	−5.589^***	−1.420	−3.043^**	−3.967^***	−5.221^***	−1.900	−3.737^***
Valence and Overall
Positive	3.901^***	5.210^***	2.065^*	3.820^***	5.084^***	6.880^***	2.692^**	4.795^***
Negative	−4.478^***	−5.540^***	−1.421	−2.856^**	−3.484^**	−4.708^***	−1.774	−3.529^***
Overall	4.912^***	6.215^***	1.902	3.641^***	4.791^***	6.472^***	2.605^*	4.867^***
Cul-De-Sacs
Overall^d	0.546	0.189	1.152	1.296	0.257	−0.233	-	-
Grand Valence and Overall
Overall Positive	4.518^***	6.172^***	2.740^**	5.034^***	5.095^***	7.398^***	4.573^***	6.963^***
Overall Negative	−4.465^***	−5.348^***	−0.390	−1.411	−2.154^*	−3.040^**	−1.016	−2.595^*
Overall Grand Score	5.543^***	7.129^***	2.304^*	4.523^***	4.906^***	7.091^***	4.063^***	6.570^***

Values are t statistics. Significant results for walkability-adjusted models are bolded.

^†

Walking/biking for transport measures: children & adolescents (frequency of walk/bike trips with Likert scale responses); adults (# days walk/bike for transport); older adults (# trips walk/bike for transport)

analyses adjusted for age, gender, education, race, GIS-defined walkability (high/low), physical functioning (older adults) and clustering of participants within block groups

analyses adjusted for age, gender, education, race, physical functioning (older adults) and clustering of participants within block groups

not included in negative segment or overall scores

not included in grand valence/overall scores

p ≤0.05

^**

p ≤0.01

^***

p ≤0.001