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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2014 Jun 24;116:82–92. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.042

Table 5.

Results from mixed regression for relations between MAPS scores and objective MVPA†. Reported with and without adjusting for macro-level walkability.

Children
(in neighborhood)		 Children
(non-school time)		 Adolescents
(non-school time)		 Older adults
Adjusteda Unadjustedb Adjusteda Unadjustedb Adjusteda Unadjustedb Adjusteda Unadjustedb
Destinations & Land Use
  Positive Characteristics
    Residential Mix 0.100 0.420 0.104 −0.020 −0.783 −0.180 1.983* 2.269*
    Shops 1.962 2.068* 0.237 0.129 0.701 1.259 0.987 1.312
    Restaurant-Entertainment 1.546 1.159 −0.838 −1.037 1.172 1.701 0.718 1.039
    Institutional-Service 1.451 1.596 0.696 0.562 −0.619 0.144 −0.108 0.421
    Government-Service −1.473 −1.376 0.563 0.620 −0.420 −0.019 −1.165 −0.875
    Public Recreation 0.899 0.723 0.833 0.274 1.553 1.958 −0.326 −0.278
    Private Recreation 2.397* 2.377* 3.475** 3.497** 1.438 1.538 −1.285 −1.216
    Parking −1.154 −1.072 0.076 0.004 −2.858** −2.570* −1.269 −1.340
    Transit Stops 0.593 0.780 0.615 0.405 1.091 1.730 0.840 0.969
  Valence and Overall
    Positive 1.721 1.820 0.685 0.401 0.295 1.119 0.446 0.927
    Negative −0.340 −0.048 0.377 0.261 −0.495 −0.217 −0.591 −0.361
    Overall 2.026* 2.057* 0.648 0.372 0.475 1.282 0.660 1.104
Streetscape Characteristics
  Valence and Overall
    Positive 0.656 0.784 2.035* 1.958 −0.068 0.542 1.157 1.376
    Negative −0.620 −0.740 0.237 0.478 0.021 −0.629 −0.949 −1.254
    Overall 0.746 0.884 1.611 1.436 −0.063 0.650 1.291 1.564
Aesthetics & Social Characteristics
  Valence and Overall
    Positive 0.488 0.472 1.077 1.354 −0.995 −0.776 −0.445 −0.376
    Negative −1.585 −1.509 −1.734 −1.926 0.163 0.728 −0.589 −0.326
    Overall 1.344 1.280 1.748 2.010* −0.632 −0.940 0.044 0.057
Crossings/Intersections
  Positive Characteristics
    Crosswalk Amenities −1.342 −1.219 −0.883 −1.007 0.115 0.370 0.831 1.056
    Curb Quality 2.088* 2.299* 0.727 0.217 0.974 1.370 2.421* 2.662**
    Intersection Control −1.689 −1.529 −2.001* −2.043* 1.559 1.876 2.071* 2.254*
  Negative Characteristics
    Road Width −0.216 0.057 −0.879 −1.047 0.794 1.164 −0.862 −0.859
    Impediments −2.504* −2.784** −0.698 −0.300 −1.177 −1.615 −1.756 −2.016*
  Valence and Overall
    Positive −0.273 −0.024 −0.938 −1.241 1.129 1.544 2.109* 2.355*
    Negative −2.650** −2.771** −1.136 −0.842 −0.787 −1.061 −1.926 −2.156*
    Overall 0.851 1.096 −0.242 −0.596 1.147 1.560 2.307* 2.559*
Street Segments
  Positive Characteristics
    Building Height-Setback 0.471 0.949 −1.727 −2.279* −1.462 −0.650 2.695** 2.976**
    Building Height-Road Width Ratio −0.838 −0.861 2.170* 2.000* −0.339 0.081 3.229** 3.494**
    Buffer 1.019 1.440 0.010 −0.043 1.220 1.610 .549 1.007
    Bike Infrastructure −0.824 −0.829 −1.816 −1.928 0.660 0.864 .313 0.292
    Trees 1.440 1.402 −0.203 0.637 0.615 0.635 1.184 1.450
    Building Aesthetics/Design 0.121 0.417 −0.966 −1.729 −0.302 0.211 .300 0.400
    Sidewalk 2.159* 2.483* −0.324 −0.415 1.903 2.507* 1.477 1.816
  Negative Characteristics
    Sidewalk Obstructions/Hazards −1.201 1.721 0.385 0.466 −1.815 −2.250* −1.478 −1.814
    Wide One-Way Street Designc −0.069 0.081 −2.165* −2.154* 1.149 1.732 1.034 1.250
    Slope −2.663** −3.082** −0.205 −0.124 −1.240 −1.821 −1.057 −1.442
  Valence and Overall
    Positive 1.205 1.572 −1.208 −1.319 0.911 1.577 2.217* 2.552*
    Negative −2.009* −2.486* 0.054 0.178 −1.576 −2.102* −0.991 −1.358
    Overall 1.920 2.385* −0.646 −0.770 1.380 2.016* 1.824 2.193*
Cul-De-Sacs
    Positived 1.538 1.529 0.125 −0.076 2.617** 2.638** − −
Grand Valence and Overall
    Overall Positive 2.043* 2.316* 0.412 0.160 0.534 1.421 1.906 2.275*
    Overall Negative −2.771** −3.184** −0.583 −0.457 −1.435 −1.813 −1.582 −1.880
    Overall Grand Score 2.863** 3.191** 0.597 0.338 1.010 1.828 2.218* 2.547*

Values are t statistics. Significant results for walkability-adjusted models are bolded.

†

Objective PA measures: children & adolescents (MVPA during non-school hours; Freedson youth 4METs), children (MVPA in the neighborhood; Freedson youth 3METs), older adults (total MVPA; Freedson 3METs)

a

analyses adjusted for age, gender, education, race, GIS-defined walkability (high/low), physical functioning (older adults) and clustering of participants within block groups

b

analyses adjusted for age, gender, education, race, physical functioning (older adults) and clustering of participants within block groups

c

not included in negative segment or overall scores

d

not included in grand valence/overall scores

*

p ≤0.05

**

p ≤0.01