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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 5.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Med. 2014 Jun 5;46(4):208–220. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2014.914808

Table I.

Circadian genes in human diseases.

Clock genes Cancer types Other diseases References
Bmal1 Breast, colorectal, head and neck, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, B-cell lymphoma, pleural mesothelioma, ALL, AML, and CML Aging, hypertension, immune deficiency, mood disorders, neurodegeneration, and T2D (45, 96–108)
CK1δ/ε Breast, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers Aging, chronic inflammation, hypertension, insulin resistance, neurodegeneration, and sleep disorders (102, 120–135)
Clock Breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate and skin cancers, B-cell lymphoma, and CLL Bipolar disorder, hypertension, obesity, neurodegeneration, NAFLD, and T2D (50, 102–104, 106, 139–144)
Cry1/2 Breast, colorectal, endometrial, head and neck, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate and skin cancers, glioma, pleural mesothelioma, CLL, CML, HCC, and NHL Acute inflammation, hyperglycemia, mood disorders, obesity, Parkinson’s, and T2D (102–105, 125, 126, 134, 139–140, 153–171)
Dec1/2 Breast, endometrial, gastric, head and neck, lung, pancreatic, and renal cancers, and HCC Autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, and sleep disorders (182–194)
Npas2 Breast and prostate cancers, pleural mesothelioma, glioma, and NHL Aging, chronic fatigue, chronic inflammation, hypertension, mood disorders, and neurodegeneration (100, 102, 134, 161, 169, 197–204)
Per1/2/3 Breast, colorectal, endometrial, head and neck, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, skin and thyroid cancers, B-cell lymphoma, glioma, pleural mesothelioma, AML, CLL, CML, and HCC Aging, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, neurodegeneration, obesity, eating, mood and sleep disorders, and T2D (98, 99, 104, 105, 126, 134, 139, 140, 157, 158, 160, 161, 164, 169, 170, 213, 223, 229, 240)
Rorα/γ Breast, colorectal, pituitary, prostate, and thyroid cancers Immune deficiency, insulin resistance, and obesity (122, 255–264)
Rev-erbα/β Breast and thyroid cancers and pleural mesothelioma Autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, and obesity (162, 256, 273–280)
βTrCP1/2 Breast, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, and HCC N/A (284–289)

ALL = acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML = acute myeloid leukemia; CLL = chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CML = chronic myeloid leukemia; HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; NAFLD = non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NHL = non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; T2D = type 2 diabetes.