Table II.
Circadian gene mutant mouse models.
| Genetic model | Mouse strain | Mouse phenotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bmal1+/− | C57BL/6J | Premature aging, cancer prone | (19, 65) |
| Bmal1−/− | C57BL/6J | Arrhythmic, aggressive aging, hypoglycemia, redox deregulation, immune deficiency cellular senescence, cancer prone, metabolic syndromes, neurological disorders | (19, 23, 65, 111–113, 115, 116) |
| Bmal1−/− islets or adipocytes | C57BL/6J × 129 × ICR | Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, adipocyte hyperplasia, redox deregulation | (115, 116) |
| Bmal1−/− keratinocytes | C57BL/6J | Genomic instability, cellular senescence, deregulation of cell proliferation and metabolism, redox deregulation | (25, 65) |
| CK1δ or CK1ε | C57/BL6J | Lengthened period, autoimmune diseases, mammary gland neoplasms | (136–138) |
| ClockΔ19/Δ19 | C57BL/6J & C57BL6 × BALB/c | Arrhythmic in constant darkness, metabolic syndromes, obesity, premature aging, NAFLD | (21, 66, 116, 145–152) |
| Clock−/− | C57BL/6J | Aging, chronic inflammation | (150) |
| Clock−/− cardiomyocytes | FVB/NJ | Cardiac dysfunction, fatty acid dysregulation | (149) |
| Cry1−/− or Cry2−/− | C57BL/6J | Abnormal behavioral rhythm, premature aging, hypertension, chronic inflammation, sleep disorder, cancer prone, metabolic syndromes | (21, 61, 173–175) |
| Cry1−/−; Cry2−/− | C57BL/6J | Arrhythmic, premature aging, chronic inflammation, hypertension, impaired tissue regeneration, sleep disorder, cancer prone, metabolic syndromes | (19, 23, 62, 67, 175–178) |
| Dec1−/−; Dec2−/− | C57BL/6J | Lengthened circadian period | (195, 196) |
| Npas2−/− | C57BL/6J × 129Sv | Metabolic syndromes, behavioral abnormalities, sleep disorder | (205–208) |
| Per1−/− | C57BL/6J | Immune deficiencies, cancer prone | (242, 243, 252) |
| Per2−/− or Per2 tm1Brd/tm1Brd | C57BL/6J & C57BL/6J × 129Sv | Arrhythmic inconstant darkness, premature aging, cancer prone, metabolic syndromes, vascular diseases, immune deficiency | (19, 22, 23, 173, 241, 250, 253) |
| Per2S662G or Per2S662D | C57BL/6J | Shortened period, premature aging, deregulation of apoptosis, cancer prone | (24, 27) |
| Per1−/−; Per2 tm1Brd/tm1Brd | C57BL/6-Tyrc-2J | Arrhythmic, premature aging and neurological disorders, cancer prone, metabolic syndromes, neurological disorder | (19, 242, 243, 251) |
| Per3−/− | C57BL/6 × 129Sv | Metabolic syndromes, arteriosclerotic disease | (249, 250) |
| Rorα −/− or Rorγ −/− | C57/BL6J | Premature aging, adipocyte hyperplasia, immune-deficient, neurodegeneration | (265–271) |
| Rev-Erbα−/− | C57BL/6J × 129Sv | Metabolic syndromes, immune deficiencies | (272, 281, 282) |
| Rev-Erbα−/−; Rev-erbβ −/− | C57BL/6J × 129Sv | Arrhythmic, metabolic syndromes | (272) |
| βTrCP1m/m | C57BL/6J | Tissue-specific expression of dominant negative mutants promotes tumor development | (298–300, 302) |