Abstract
Background: HIV/AIDS is known to affect an individual not only physically but also mentally, socially, and financially. It is a syndrome that builds a vacuum in a person affecting his/her life as a whole. Nowadays, using anti-viral medication delays the onset of the disease cycle and increases the patients’ life time. From the psychological point of view, however, such patients are faced with a great number of social and cultural limitations which affect various dimensions of their health as well as quality of life. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the quality of life and its related factors in HIV patients in Shiraz Behavioral Counseling Center.
Methods: The present analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 129 HIV patients in Shiraz Behavioral Counseling Center who were selected through convenience sampling. The data were gathered using demographic as well as SF-36 questionnaires and analyzed through T-test, ANOVA, X2, and Schiff's post hoc test.
Results: In this study, the patients’ mean score of quality of life was 48.8+14. In addition, the mean scores of males’ and females’ life quality were 47.7+16.2 and 59.5+20.4, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean difference of the patients’ quality of life was also found to be significant based on employment status, marital status, and history of drug abuse (p<0.05), while it was not significant regardin gage, level of education, length of disease, and the distance between the house and the service providing center.
Conclusion: In comparison to the physical dimension, the HIV-positive individuals’ quality of life mean score was lower in the mental dimension. In addition, the mean difference revealed to be significant based on marital as well as employment status. These findings show such patients’ needs for psychological support, more psychological interventions, and creation of appropriate job opportunities.
Keywords: HIV, AIDS, Quality of life, SF-36, Behavioral counseling center
Introduction
AIDS is a fatal disease that can affect human immune system and makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic infections. It is still one of the most important diseases in the world, which not only causes health problems, but also affects the political, social, and cultural aspects (1).
The use of effective anti-viral therapy in the patients with delayed onset of AIDS and the increase of life expectancy and well-being of HIV-infected individuals reveal the need for effective prevention methods in this population (2). Advances improved the survival rates of the HIV-infected individuals, but not always with a good quality of life (QOL) (3). Various studies conducted around the world have reported that as the HIV infection progresses, it affects the individuals' QOL (4 - 6).
According to the latest report by Iran's Ministry of Health, by the end of February 2013, 26125 people will be identified with HIV in Iran. Overall, the disease was transmitted by intravenous drug injection, sexual intercourse, and mother to child in 52.1%, 33.6%, and 3.2% of the cases, respectively. However, the transmission route is unknown in 11.1% of the patients (7).
In Iran, the first wave of AIDS occurred in 1987 due to transmission of agent is through blood as well as blood products and its second wave occurred in 1996-1997 because of intravenous drug abusers’ sharing needles. Now, at the third wave of AIDS, is through sexual relationships because of perversion which threatens several parts of the society (8). Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes are of importance in study of persons with the relapsing and remitting disease and the need to evaluate effects of newer treatments on improving their health status (9).
Moreover, effective anti-viral medication have delayed the onset of AIDS cycle and increased the patients’ life time. Nevertheless, from the psychological perspective, AIDS patients are faced with a large number of social and cultural limitations which affect different dimensions of their health and quality of life. In general, quality of life is defined as the individuals’ understanding of their life status in cultural as well as value systems fields, which is related to their goals, hopes, and standards. Thus, quality of life can be considered as the sum of physical, mental, and social welfare, including happiness, satisfaction, dignity, health, and economic status, perceived by the individuals (10). Meanwhile, the people’s QOL is affected by various factors, such as individual, economic, and social factors (sex, age, employment, marital status, etc.), with stronger effects on those suffering from chronic disease.
Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the QOL based on some individual factors, such as age, sex, history of drug abuse, employment status, length of disease, marital status, transmission route, and the distance between the house and the service providers, in HIV-positive patients of Shiraz Behavioral Counseling Center, Iran.
Methods
The present study was a cross-sectional type in which the HIV-positive patients of Shiraz behavioral counseling center with active profile were examined. According to the previous studies and the sample size formula, 129 subjects were selected through convenience sampling. The study data were collected through 2 questionnaires, the first included the demographic information, such as age, sex, marital status, employment status, length of disease, level of education, history of drug abuse, and the distance between the house and the service providing center. The second questionnaire was SF-36, which is a 36-item self administered or interviewer-administered instrument with eight scales: physical functioning, role limitations caused by physical health problems, pain, general health perceptions, emotional well-being, role limitation caused by emotional problems, social functioning, and energy/fatigue. Reliability estimates for these eight scales was favorable in both general population and chronic diseases samples (11-19). A survey conducted in Iran confirmed that, the Persian version of this questionnaire was a reliable and valid instrument (20). Though the SF-36 has eight separate scales, factor analyses in previous studies have shown that these scales represent two underlying dimensions: physical and mental healths (16, 21 and 22).
Statistical Analysis
According to RAND scoring system, the items of the questionnaire are scored from 0 to 100; and the closer to 100, indicates higher QOL. After all, descriptive results are presented through tables. Moreover, Chi-square, t-test, and ANOVA were used to determine the relationship between the variables and mean differences, and, p<0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results
Of the 129 patients studied, 115 (89.8%) were male and 13 (10.2%) female. The patients age ranged of 25-58 years (mean + SD= 38.9+6.7). In addition, the mean age of the male and female subjects were 39.3+6.8 and 35.2+4.5 years, respectively and the highest frequency related to 35-44 years age group.
In this study, 77 (61.1%), 26 (20.6%), and 23 (18.3%) patients were single, married, and widowed or divorced, respectively. In addition, 27 patients (21.3%) employed, while 99 (78.7%) were unemployed. Finally, 85.2% of the patients had a history of drug abuse, while 14.8% did not. 76 (61.8%), 26 (21.1%) and 21(17.1%) of the patients were infected through needle use, sexual and other route of transmission, respectively.
The overall HRQOL score in these patients was 48.8+17, and the mean for QOL in physical and mental dimensions were 50.4+18.9 and 46.3+17.8, respectively with a statistically significant base on difference(p<0.05). The mean scores of the patients’ QOL in each of the scales of SF-36 questionnaire are presented in Table 1.
Table1. Mean ± SD quality of life in HIV+ patients in Shiraz behavioral counseling center in each subscale of SF-36 questionnaire .
| HRQOL Scales | Mean ± SD |
| Physical function | 58±27.2 |
| Role limitation caused by physical problem | 33.6±32.6 |
| Pain | 53.8±25.7 |
| General Health perception | 47.5±19.9 |
| Energy/fatigue | 49.7±21 |
| Emotional well being | 49.5±20.5 |
| Role limitation caused by emotional problem | 33.3±31.9 |
| Social functioning | 50.4±24.4 |
| Physical Health | 50.4±18.9 |
| Mental Health | 46.3±17.8 |
| Overall HRQOL score | 48.8±17 |
The mean scores QOL based on the age groups are presented in Table 2. The difference between different age groups’ mean scores quality of life was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
Table 2. QOL mean scores of HIV+ patients in Shiraz Behavioral Counseling Center based on age group .
| Age | ||||
| 24-35 | 35-45 | 45-59 | p value | |
| Physical function | 59.4±2.7 | 57.2±2.8 | 58.2±3.7 | 0.9 |
| Role limitation caused by physical problem | 36.3±27.5 | 33±30 | 32.9±33.4 | 0.6 |
| Pain | 55.7±2.5 | 52.3±2.5 | 53.7±2.5 | 0.7 |
| General health perception | 47±21.5 | 46.1±19.1 | 47.8±19.9 | 0.2 |
| Emotional well being | 48±17.5 | 48.4±21.5 | 49.5±20.5 | 0.5 |
| Energy/fatigue | 30±31 | 33.2±31.8 | 33.8±32.1 | 0.4 |
| Role limitation caused by emotional problem | 48.5±22 | 51.4±21.5 | 50.5±24.5 | 0.8 |
| Social functioning | 48.5±17 | 49.9±20.9 | 50.2±20.8 | 0.6 |
| Physical health | 51.7±17.2 | 49.8±20 | 50.6±19 | 0.8 |
| Mental health | 44.4±13.1 | 46.1±18.4 | 46.5±17.8 | 0.4 |
| Overal HRQOL score | 48.9±23.8 | 48.4±18.1 | 49±17 | 0.7 |
Investigation of the patients’ QOL with regard to sex, employment status, history of drug abuse, age, level of education, length of disease, and the distance between the house and the service providing center revealed that this parameter for, female, employed, and non-addicted patients was significantly higher than that of the male, unemployed, and addicted ones, respectively (p<0.05). However, no significant relationship was found between the QOL and age, level of education, length of disease, and the distance between the house and the service providing center (p>0.05).
Finally, after obtaining significant results in ANOVA regarding marital status and transmission routes, the Schiff's post hoc test was used to determine the significant difference of QOL in different levels of the above-mentioned variables. The results revealed significant relationships between married, single, and other groups of patients as well as intravenous drug abuse and other transmission routes (p<0.05)(Table 3).
Table 3. Mean ± SD quality of life scores and the relationship between the demographic variables and the QOL mean scores of HIV+ patients in Shiraz behavioral counseling center .
| variable | subgroup | Physical health | Mental health | Overal HRQOL |
| Sex | Male | 49.3 ± 18.3 | 45.3± 16.6 | 47.7± 16.2 |
| female | 61 ± 21.9 | 57.2 ± 23.4 | 59.5 ± 20.4 | |
| p value | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
| Marital status | single | 47.7 ± 16.7 | 43.4± 13.7 | 46 ± 13.7 |
| married | 60.1 ± 22.4 | 55.1 ± 24.5 | 58.1±22.2 | |
| Divorced/widowed | 48±20 | 44.6±18 | 46.7±17.5 | |
| p value | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.006 | |
| Level of education | Under diploma | 49.6±18.3 | 45.5±17.4 | 48±16.3 |
| diploma | 48.6±18.7 | 43.3±12 | 46.6±14.8 | |
| academic | 64.3±25 | 61.3±24.9 | 24.8±12.4 | |
| p value | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.18 | |
| Employment status | employed | 63.1±15.6 | 58±17.7 | 61.1±15.4 |
| unemployed | 47.6±18.4 | 43.2±16.7 | 45.8±16.1 | |
| p value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
| History of drug abuse | yes | 49±17.5 | 44.3±16.9 | 47.2±15.7 |
| no | 59.6±24 | 57.1±19.7 | 58.7±12.1 | |
| p value | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.006 | |
| Transmission route | Injection drug user | 46.6±17.2 | 42.1±15.6 | 44.9±15.2 |
| sexual | 57.3±20 | 55.6±16.9 | 56.7±16.8 | |
| other | 53.1±19 | 45.8±18.3 | 50.2±17.8 | |
| p value | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.005 | |
| Length of infectious | Under 5 year | 53.7±19.3 | 46.9±18 | 51.1±17.4 |
| More than 5 year | 47.7±17.9 | 45.2±16.7 | 46.7±15.8 | |
| p value | 0.07 | 0.5 | 0.14 | |
| Distance between center to patient ,s house | Under 1 hour | 53.6±19 | 47.1±19.6 | 51.1±17.6 |
| More than 1 hour | 46.8±18.7 | 45.8±15.2 | 46.4±16.2 | |
| p value | 0.04 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
Discussion
The present study aimed to investigate the QOL and its related factors in HIV patients of Shiraz behavioral counseling center. In this study, the patients’ mean score of QOL was 48.8+17 which was comparable with the study done by Nojoumi et al. reported the mean score of quality of life as 47+6.2 (23). Moreover, the mean scores of physical and mental dimensions were 50.4+18.9 and 46.3+17.8, respectively that was consistent with a great number of studies conducted in other countries, including Imam’s study in Bangladesh and Hay in the U.S., as well as those performed in Iran which have all revealed the HIV patients’ low QOL in all the dimensions of SF-36 questionnaire, particularly in mental and social dimensions, compared to normal individuals and even those with chronic diseases (10, 24-29).
The low QOL in the mental dimension shows the necessity for more mental interventions. In fact, biological treatments are not enough for treating such patients and, at the same time, getting familiar with and eliminating their mental problems can be a good prognosis for their treatment.
Investigation of mean differences of QOL relative to different levels of the variables revealed that women had a higher QOL in comparison to men. Moreover, the HIV infection was mostly transmitted through intravenous drug abuse (61.8%) and sexual route (21.1%). Nevertheless, in comparison to the individuals infected through sexual relationships, those who infected by intravenous drug abuse had a lower QOL. This is in contrast with the findings of the study conducted by Hasanah in Malaysia which reported a higher QOL for the individuals who had been infected through intravenous drug abuse compared to those through sexual relationships (27).
According to the study findings, QOL of married subjects was significantly higher than that of the other participants, which might be due to the families and particularly the spouse’s psychological supports which play a major role in improving the patients’ QOL. Employed subjects had also a better QOL compared to the jobless ones. In the studies conducted by Nojomi in Iran and Eriksson in Sweden, a significant relationship was found between the quality of life and sex, marital, and employment status which are in line with the findings of the present study (23,30).
Conclusion
Application of the results in this study showed that the effects of different factors on the QOL. Interventions, including resource allocation, better care for the patients, improving the relationship between the physicians and the patients, and increasing the trainings as well as consultations, can all be carried out.
Creating appropriate job opportunities and employing the patients by the health system as well as the behavioral counseling centers are among the major supportive measures for these patients. In fact, employment are the most important concerns of such patients; therefore, a large number of financial and, consequently, psychological problems of the patients could be resolved by providing job opportunities. Finally, it is hoped that using the findings of this research, steps will be taken toward improving the HIV patients’ QOL.
Acknowledgments
The present study was financially supported by Research vice-chancellor and student research committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Hereby, the authors would like to thank the authorities as well as the personnel of Shiraz behavioral counseling center and the patients who kindly cooperated in this study.
Cite this article as: Haseli N, Esmaeelzadeh F, Ghahramani F, Alimohamadi Y, Hayati R, Mahboubi M. Health-related quality of life and its related factors in HIV+ patient’s referred to Shiraz Behavioral Counseling Center, Iran in 2012. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014 (23 Feb). Vol. 28:13.
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