Table 1.
Ethnicity, Risk Factors for the General Framingham Risk Score, and Events by Categories of AAC and CAC
| Risk Factors | AAC
|
P Value Test for Trend | CAC
|
P Value Test for Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–50th Percentile | 51st–75th Percentile | 76th–100th Percentile | 0–50th Percentile | 51st–75th Percentile | 76th–100th Percentile | |||
| Agatston score range | 0–241 | 242–1437 | 1438–20 952 | 0–9 | 9–136 | 136–4508 | ||
| n | 983 | 491 | 492 | 983 | 491 | 492 | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.4 (8.5) | 66.5 (8.8) | 71.4 (8.2) | <0.01 | 60.9 (8.7) | 67.0 (9.3) | 69.9 (8.7) | <0.01 |
| Male, n (%) | 459 (46.7) | 278 (56.6) | 253 (51.4) | 0.22 | 399 (40.6) | 264 (53.8) | 327 (66.5) | <0.01 |
| Non-Hispanic white, n (%) | 324 (33.0) | 204 (41.6) | 262 (53.3) | <0.01 | 336 (34.2) | 200 (40.7) | 254 (51.3) | <0.01 |
| Black, n (%) | 246 (25.0) | 95 (19.4) | 70 (14.2) | <0.01 | 252 (25.6) | 84 (17.1) | 75 (15.2) | <0.01 |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 271 (27.6) | 127 (25.9) | 108 (22.0) | 0.02 | 258 (25.3) | 136 (27.7) | 112 (22.8) | 0.10 |
| Chinese, n (%) | 142 (14.5) | 65 (13.2) | 52 (10.6) | 0.04 | 137 (13.9) | 71 (14.5) | 51 (10.4) | 0.04 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 187.1 (35.4) | 183.7 (34.3) | 185.9 (37.6) | 0.73 | 185.8 (34.7) | 188.0 (35.7) | 184.2 (37.6) | 0.25 |
| HDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 52.7 (15.4) | 50.2 (14.6) | 50.6 (15.2) | 0.03 | 52.6 (15.4) | 51.0 (15.0) | 49.9 (14.8) | <0.01 |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 119.7 (19.9) | 127.3 (21.5) | 129.4 (20.1) | <0.01 | 120.6 (20.4) | 126.6 (20.4) | 128.2 (21.0) | <0.01 |
| BP treatment, n (%) | 321 (32.7) | 237 (48.3) | 301 (61.2) | <0.01 | 327 (33.3) | 237 (48.3) | 295 (60.0) | <0.01 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 94 (9.6) | 70 (14.3) | 56 (11.4) | 0.50 | 121 (12.3) | 52 (10.6) | 47 (9.6) | 0.15 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 65 (6.6) | 49 (10.0) | 43 (8.7) | 0.26 | 64 (6.5) | 42 (8.6) | 51 (10.4) | 0.02 |
| Statins, n (%) | 234 (23.8) | 94 (19.1) | 135 (27.4) | 0.29 | 232 (23.6) | 115 (23.4) | 116 (23.6) | 0.98 |
| Events at follow-up | ||||||||
| Hard CHD*, per 1000 person-years | 1.8 (10) | 3.9 (10) | 12.1 (30) | 1.1 (6) | 6.5 (17) | 11.1 (27) | ||
| Hard CVD, per 1000 person-years† | 3.0 (16) | 7.9 (20) | 19.2 (47) | 2.4 (13) | 11.2 (29) | 17.1 (41) | ||
| CVD mortality, per 1000 person-years‡ | 0.5 (3) | 2.9 (8) | 7.0 (19) | 0.7 (4) | 3.9 (11) | 5.5 (15) | ||
| Total mortality, per 1000 person-years | 4.4 (25) | 8.0 (22) | 21.3 (58) | 4.2 (24) | 11.4 (32) | 18.0 (49) | ||
AAC indicates abdominal aortic calcium; BP, blood pressure; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; and HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
*
Hard CHD indicates myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and coronary heart disease death.
†
Hard CVD indicates myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, stroke, coronary heart disease death, and stroke death.
‡
CVD mortality indicates death from atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, stroke, atherosclerotic disease other than coronary disease or stroke, or other cardiovascular disease not defined.