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. 2014 Sep 3;9(9):e106363. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106363

Table 4. Adjusted Odds Ratios for every unit increase or Category Change in the Predictors of Falls Trajectory: Results from Multinomial Logistic Regressions at Baseline (n = 765a), The MOBILIZE Boston Study.

Predictor Falls Trajectory Groupb
Cluster Falls1 (n = 353, 46.1%) Increasing Falls2 (n = 44, 5.8%) Chronic Recurring Falls3 (n = 138, 18.1%)
ORc 95CI P Valued ORc 95CI P Valued ORc 95CI P Valued
Age, y 0.99 0.96, 1.04 0.94 1.01 0.88, 1.05 0.80 1.04 0.97, 1.12 0.21
Sex
Male 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
Women 1.31 0.88, 1.96 0.19 2.97 0.42, 2.87 0.10 1.85 0.92, 3.74 0.09
Race
Nonwhite 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
White Race 1.16 0.94, 1.43 0.17 1.07 0.67, 1.69 0.21 1.64 0.98, 2.67 0.06
Years of Education 1.02 0.99, 1.04 0.29 0.98 0.91, 1.05 0.49 1.04 0.99, 1.09 0.11
Body mass index, kg/me 1.05 0.80, 1.37 0.73 1.04 0.56, 1.95 0.97 1.02 0.62, 1.68 0.94
Fell in past year 3.52 2.16, 6.34 <0.001 1.69 0.53, 5.38 0.16 3.82 2.34, 6.23 <0.001
Comorbidities ≥2 2.06 0.95, 3.14 0.08 2.52 0.89,7.20 0.40 2.24 1.34, 5.32 0.015
Hypertension 0.70 0.55, 0.91 0.16 1.25 0.62, 2.53 0.80 0.85 0.40, 1.75 0.11
Stroke 0.83 0.46, 1.48 0.35 - - - 2.08 0.67, 6.45 0.20
Diabetes mellitus 0.69 0.40, 1.18 0.18 4.30 1.40, 13.3 <0.001 0.20 0.03, 1.27 0.08
Hyperlipidemia 1.19 0.84, 1.68 0.13 2.60 0.84, 8.06 0.32 2.05 0.98, 4.30 0.06
Congestive heart failure 1.24 0.56, 2.72 0.93 - - - 0.76 0.15, 3.91 0.75
Cognitive statusf
MMSE≥24 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
MMSE<24 0.83 0.44, 1.58 0.57 2.82 1.34, 5.82 0.039 0.44 0.11, 1.66 0.21
CES-D Revised scoreg 1.03 1.01, 1.05 0.006 1.04 1.00, 1.07 0.013 1.07 1.03, 1.10 <0.001
Physical activity scoreh
≥66 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent 1.00 Referent
<66 1.02 0.66, 1.37 0.92 1.23 0.70, 2.17 0.57 1.82 0.86, 3.87 0.12
Impaired balance, score <4 out 7i 1.29 0.84, 1.97 0.24 0.74 0.27, 2.00 0.26 1.94 0.91, 4.15 0.09
Fast gait speed, >0.78 m/sj 1.69 1.50, 2.56 0.012 0.84 0.21, 2.08 0.47 1.61 0.66, 3.85 0.29
Slow chair stands, >16.37 sk 1.18 0.65, 2.18 0.58 1.12 0.25, 5.26 0.75 1.04 0.52, 2.08 0.75

Abbreviations: 1, Model 1; 2, Model2; 3, Model3; OR, Odds Ratio; 95%CI, 95% Confidence Interval;

a

Forty four of the 809 older adults were missing data and therefore excluded from the analysis;

b

Estimated from Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM) [18].

c

No Falls group was the reference category.

d

Two-sided P value.

e

Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared;

f

MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination Scale) <24 [11], [12], Cognitive impairment;

g

CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [16];

h

Low physical activity, <66.01 PASE Score (using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly) [15];

i

Balance score was based on 4 progressively difficult stands: feet side by side, semi-tandem, tandem, and 1-leg stand [17];

j

Fast gait speed (m/s) is the highest 25% based on time of fastest of 2 usual-paced 4-meter walks [17];

k

Highest quartile (slowest performance) of time to complete 5 repeated chair stands [17]. R2max [23], [24] (Model1: 0.32; Model2: 0.36; Model3: 0.57) AUC [25] (Model1: 0.80; Model2: 0.89; Model3: 0.92).