Table 2. Association between risk factors and prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy among individuals with diabetes. † .
| Cases (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P ‡ | |
| Education | 0.770 | ||
| Illiterate | 53 (24.9) | Reference | |
| High school | 24 (16.6) | 0.97 (0.54–1.76) | |
| University | 27 (16.9) | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | |
| Post graduate | 6 (17.6) | 0.97 (0.36–2.63) | |
| Income level (SR/month) | 0.702 | ||
| <3000 | 54 (23.5) | Reference | |
| 3000–10000 | 36 (18.2) | 0.97 (0.56–1.68) | |
| >10000 | 20 (16.1) | 0.86 (0.43–1.73) | |
| Obesity | 62 (22.4) | 1.57 (1.00–2.48) | 0.052 |
| Abdominal obesity | 87 (24.6) | 2.65 (1.55–4.56) | <.001 |
| Smoking, ever-smoker vs. never-smoker | 21 (18.9) | 1.17 (0.66–2.08) | 0.602 |
| Type of diabetes, type 1 vs. type 2 | 102 (19.5) | 4.08 (1.58–10.57) | 0.004 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | <.001 | ||
| 2–5 | 8 (5.7) | Reference | |
| 5–10 | 11 (8.4) | 1.48 (0.57–3.83) | |
| 10–20 | 37 (21.5) | 3.80 (1.68–8.60) | |
| >20 | 54 (49.5) | 12.19 (5.24–28.36) | |
| Hypertensive vs. normotensive | 86 (24.2) | 1.79 (1.07–2.99) | 0.025 |
| Insulin, user vs. non-user | 68 (33.7) | 3.93 (2.48–6.22) | <.001 |
| Oral hypoglycemic, user vs. non-user | 76 (16.8) | 0.31 (0.19–0.53) | <.001 |
| Aspirin, user vs. non-user | 75 (23.1) | 1.25 (0.78–1.99) | 0.350 |
| Plavix, user vs. non-user | 14 (34.1) | 1.78 (0.87–3.64) | 0.114 |
| Statins, user vs. non-user | 54 (25.4) | 1.51 (0.97–2.34) | 0.067 |
| Height (cm) | 0.113 | ||
| <157.5 | 27 (19.6) | Reference | |
| 157.5–164.0 | 32 (22.5) | 1.39 (0.72–2.69) | |
| 164.0–172.0 | 22 (16.7) | 1.28 (0.55–2.95) | |
| ≥172.0 | 29 (20.7) | 2.10 (0.88–5.03) | |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 0.053 | ||
| <7.7 | 26 (19.1) | Reference | |
| 7.7–9.4 | 27 (16.8) | 0.91 (0.49–1.68) | |
| 9.4–12.5 | 24 (20.5) | 1.17 (0.61–2.23) | |
| ≥12.5 | 33 (23.9) | 1.64 (0.90–3.02) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.338 | ||
| <8.0 | 27 (21.1) | Reference | |
| 8.0–9.0 | 16 (15.5) | 0.65 (0.32–1.32) | |
| 9.0–10.6 | 37 (20.1) | 0.99 (0.55–1.78) | |
| ≥10.6 | 30 (21.9) | 1.20 (0.65–2.23) | |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.881 | ||
| <1.0 | 30 (21.7) | Reference | |
| 1.0–1.1 | 17 (15.2) | 0.63 (0.32–1.24) | |
| 1.1–1.3 | 35 (21.3) | 0.98 (0.55–1.74) | |
| ≥1.3 | 28 (20.3) | 0.94 (0.51–1.76) | |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 0.717 | ||
| <2.5 | 28 (20.4) | Reference | |
| 2.5–3.0 | 27 (25.2) | 1.56 (0.83–2.94) | |
| 3.0–3.7 | 28 (16.5) | 1.09 (0.59–2.02) | |
| ≥3.7 | 27 (19.6) | 1.21 (0.65–2.24) | |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.138 | ||
| <1.0 | 25 (18) | Reference | |
| 1.0–1.5 | 28 (17.9) | 1.02 (0.55–1.89) | |
| 1.5–2.0 | 25 (21.2) | 1.18 (0.62–2.25) | |
| ≥2.0 | 32 (23) | 1.51 (0.82–2.77) | |
| Homocysteine (ìmol/L) | 0.087 | ||
| <6.6 | 14 (9.9) | Reference | |
| 6.6–7.7 | 9 (14.8) | 1.44 (0.58–3.62) | |
| 7.7–9.0 | 53 (24.9) | 2.38 (1.24–4.58) | |
| ≥9.0 | 34 (24.8) | 2.15 (1.06–4.34) | |
| Creatinine (ìmol/L) | <.001 | ||
| <66.0 | 15 (10.5) | Reference | |
| 66.0–78.0 | 29 (18.4) | 2.30 (1.14–4.65) | |
| 78.0–90.0 | 23 (20.9) | 2.52 (1.17–5.41) | |
| ≥90.0 | 43 (30.5) | 3.69 (1.76–7.75) | |
| CRP (mg/L) | <.001 | ||
| <3.2 | 18 (13.0) | Reference | |
| 3.2–3.3 | 23 (20.7) | 1.74 (0.86–3.55) | |
| 3.3–6.8 | 29 (17.6) | 1.73 (0.88–3.40) | |
| ≥6.8 | 40 (29.0) | 3.55 (1.81–6.98) | |
| Serum urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 0.002 | ||
| <4.1 | 15 (10.9) | Reference | |
| 4.1–5.0 | 21 (18.6) | 1.69 (0.81–3.54) | |
| 5.0–6.1 | 29 (17.6) | 1.75 (0.87–3.50) | |
| ≥6.1 | 45 (33.1) | 2.92 (1.47–5.79) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 0.011 | ||
| <12.7 | 39 (28.5) | Reference | |
| 12.7–13.8 | 28 (17.4) | 0.51 (0.27–0.96) | |
| 13.8–14.8 | 28 (23.7) | 0.73 (0.37–1.43) | |
| ≥14.8 | 15 (11.0) | 0.32 (0.15–0.72) | |
| White blood cell (106/L) | 0.003 | ||
| <5.9 | 19 (13.6) | Reference | |
| 5.9–7.1 | 22 (19.6) | 1.51 (0.76–3.02) | |
| 7.1–8.7 | 28 (17.0) | 1.35 (0.70–2.58) | |
| ≥8.7 | 41 (30.4) | 2.58 (1.37–4.85) | |
| Platelet (109/L) ) | 0.315 | ||
| <217.0 | 33 (24.1) | Reference | |
| 217.0–252.5 | 21 (17.2) | 0.71 (0.37–1.33) | |
| 252.5–290.5 | 32 (20.6) | 0.92 (0.51–1.64) | |
| ≥290.5 | 24 (17.4) | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | |
Abbreviations: SR, Saudi riyal (currency unit of Saudi Arabia); HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein.
†
Logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age (continuous) and nationality (Saudi, non-Saudi).
‡
For ordinal variables, P-value was estimated from the linear trend test.