Table 2.

Epigenetic Regulation by Dietary Phytochemicals

S.No	Dietary compound	Food source	Epigenetic modification(s)	Epigenetic target(s)	Roles in cancer prevention	References

1.	Resveratrol	Blueberries, mulberries, cranberries, peanuts and grapes	Histone-modifications	TNFα, IL-8, RBP/SIRT1	Reduce activation of NF kappa B	(Tili E, Michaille JJ et al. 2010)
1.	Resveratrol	Blueberries, mulberries, cranberries, peanuts and grapes	DNA methylation	Unknown/DNMT	Reduce activation of NF kappa B	(Tili E, Michaille JJ et al. 2010)

2.	Curcumin	Turmeric	Histone-modifications	H3 and H4 acetylation, p53, GATA4, GZMB, PRF1, EOMES/HAT, HDAC	Prevention of DNA damage and blocking the inflammatory master molecule NF kappa B	(Mudduluru G, George-William JN et al. 2011)
			DNA methylation	Unknown/DNMT1
			miRNA	SP1, ESR1, PTEN

3.	Tea polyphenols	Tea leaves	Histone-modifications	H3 and H4 acetylation, H3K27m3, NF-_kB, IL-6, BMI-1, EZH2, SUZ12/HAT, HDAC, HMT	Induce apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest in tumor cells	(Tsang WP and Kwok TT 2010)
			DNA methylation	P16^INK4a, RNRβ, MGMT, hMLH1, RECK1, hTERT, WIF-1, RXRα, GSTP1, CDKN2A, RXRβ, CDX2/DNMTI, MBD1, MeCP2
			miRNA	Bcl-2, AR

4.	Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DMI)	Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, mustard and radish	Histone-modifications	COX-2/HDAC	Modification of nuclear transcription factors including Sp1, estrogen receptor, NF kappa B and aryl hydrocarbon receptor	(Li Y, VandenBoom TG 2nd et al. 2010)
4.	Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and Diindolylmethane (DMI)	Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, mustard and radish	miRNA	ZEB1, EGFR		(Li Y, VandenBoom TG 2nd et al. 2010)

5.	Genistein	Soy beans	Histone-modifications	H3, H4, H2A and H2B acetylation, H3K4me2, H3K9me3, p21, p16, PTEN, p53, FOXA3, BTG3, RARβ, hTERT, CCLD/HAT, HDAC, SIRT1	Modulation of chromatin configuration and DNA methylation	(Fang MZ, Chen D et al. 2005; King-Batoon A, Leszczynska JM et al. 2008; Majid S, Dar AA et al. 2009)
			DNA methylation	P16, RARβ2, MGMT, hTERT, BTG3, GSTP1 and EPHB2, HMGNS, CDKN2A/DNMT, MBD1, MBD4, MeCP2 ZEB1, ZBTB10, EGFR
			miRNA	ZEB1, ZBTB10, EGFR

6.	Sulforaphane	Broccoli sprouts, cabbage and kale	Histone-modifications	H3 and H4 acetylation, H3K9ac, H3K9me3, HBD-2, H3K27me3, RARβ, HBD-2, p21, BAX/HDAC	Inhibit the growth of tumor cells and induce apoptosis in cancer cells	(Meeran SM, Patel SN et al. 2010)
6.	Sulforaphane	Broccoli sprouts, cabbage and kale	DNA methylation	Unknown/DNMT1		(Meeran SM, Patel SN et al. 2010)

7.	Phenethyl isothiocynate	Cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy and broccoli	Histone-modifications	H3 and H4 acetylation, p21, GSTP1/HDAC	Induction of cell-cycle arrest	(Wang LG, Beklemisheva A et al. 2007; Izzotti A, Calin GA et al. 2010)
7.	Phenethyl isothiocynate	Cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy and broccoli	DNA methylation	GSTP1/unknown	Induction of cell-cycle arrest

8.	Organosulfur compounds	Garlic	Histone-modifications	H3 and H4 acetylation, p21/HDAC	Inhibition of DNA adduct formation, upregulation of antioxidant defences and DNA repair systems	(Druesne N, Pagniez A et al. 2004)
8.	Organosulfur compounds	Garlic	DNA methylation	H3 and H4 acetylation, p21/HDAC		(Druesne N, Pagniez A et al. 2004)

9.	Quercetin	Citrus fruits and buckwheat	Histone-modifications	IP-10, MIP-2/HAT, SIRT1	Induction of cell-cycle arrest	(Priyadarsini RV, Vinothini G et al. 2011)
9.	Quercetin	Citrus fruits and buckwheat	DNA methylation	CDKN2A/DNMT	Induction of cell-cycle arrest	(Priyadarsini RV, Vinothini G et al. 2011)

10.	Lycopene	Tomato	DNA methylation	GSTP1, RARβ, HIN-1/unknown	Induction of cell-cycle arrest	(King-Batoon A, Leszczynska JM et al. 2008)

11.	Ellagitannins	Pomegranate, walnuts and almonds	miRNA	miRNA array	Inhibition of cell proliferation	(Wen XY, Wu SY et al. 2009)