Table 1.

Demographic data and results

	Control group (n = 76)	Visually impaired group (n = 74)	Statistics
Gender (m:f)	38:38	27:47	Chi-square 2.7; df: 1; P = 0.095; ns*
Age (years)	77.5 (6.0)	79.7 (7.5)	T = −2.0; df 148; P = 0.048
Education (years)	10.8 (3.6)	10.1 (3.2)	T = 1.3 ; df 148; P = 0.20; ns
Bristol ADL (max. 60)	6.0 (8.7)	11.2 (9.2)	U 3967; P < 0.001**
Visual acuity (decimals)	0.50 (0.13)	0.14 (0.11)	T = 18.2; df 147; P < 0.001
Vision-independent cognitive tests
Verbal fluency (mean per min)	10.6 (6.3)	10.4 (6.4)	T = 0.2; df 143; P = 0.85; ns
Category fluency (mean per min)	14.9 (7.4)	14.3 (7.6)	T = 0.46; df 144; P = 0.64; ns
RAVLT-immediate recall (max. 15)	7.0 (4.3)	7.2 (4.0)	T = −0.23; df 99; P = 0.82; ns
RAVLT-delayed recall (max. 15)	6.6 (4.6)	7.2 (4.7)	T = −0.66; df 94; P = 0.51; ns
RAVLT-recognition (max. 15)	12.7 (3.1)	12.2 (4.6)	T = 0.613; df 87; P = 0.54; ns
MMSE vision-independent items (max. 27)	22.6 (5.2)	22.2 (5.9)	T = 0.5; df 148;P = 0.63; ns
Vision-dependent test items
MMSE vision-dependent items (max. 3)	2.6 (0.5)	1.7 (1.0)	T = 7.3; df 148;P < 0.001
Clock drawing test (CDT) (max. 10)	7.7 (3.1)	5.9 (3.7)	T = 3.1; df 145; P = 0.003
Adjusted vision-independent test items
VI-items (max.3)	2.8 (0.5)	2.7 (0.6)	T = 1.0; df 143; P = 0.303; ns
CTVI (max. 10)	8.2 (2.9)	7.9 (3.4)	T = 0.44; df 131; P = 0.664; ns

Mean and standard deviation (SD) unless otherwise reported. ns, not significant; RAVLT: Rey auditory verbal learning test; MMSE vision-dependent items include: reading ‘Close your eyes’; writing a sentence and copying overlapping pentagons; vision-independent items (VI-items) added to MMSE include: following the verbal command ‘Close your eyes’; speaking a sentence and pentagon assembling. CTVI, clock test for the visually impaired.

^*Pearson Chi-square.

^**Mann–Whitney U Test; otherwise independent sample T-test.