Fig. 2.

Reduction in ATP level and mitochondrial biogenesis in placentas of males and females with maternal obesity. A: ATP levels were normalized to total protein level of villous tissue extract. B and C: mitochondrial biogenesis was estimated by both citrate synthase activity (B) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (C). mtDNA copy number was normalized to nuclear DNA (nDNA) (β₂-microglobuln) for each sample. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05 vs. LN group and #P < 0.05 vs. males within the same group of adiposity; n = 6/sex/group.