Table 1.
Hormone Distributions by Sociodemographic/Clinical and Diabetes Characteristics at EDIC Year 17/18
| Characteristic | n (%)a | Mean (SD) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TT, ng/dL | cFT, ng/dL | SHBG, nmol/L | ||
| Total | 641 | |||
| Sociodemographic/clinical | ||||
| Age, y | ||||
| 35–44 | 107 (16.7) | 514.7 (204.5) | 8.7 (2.3) | 47.5 (22.0) |
| 45–54 | 315 (49.1) | 561.2 (208.7) | 8.8 (2.5) | 54.2 (23.8) |
| 55–67 | 219 (34.2) | 545.9 (220.5) | 8.0 (2.4) | 59.0 (25.0) |
| BMI category, kg/m2 | ||||
| Normal, BMI <25 | 136 (21.2) | 651.1 (218.0) | 8.6 (2.5) | 71.0 (28.1) |
| Overweight, BMI 25–30 | 272 (42.4) | 577.5 (206.3) | 8.8 (2.4) | 56.3 (21.5) |
| Obese, BMI ≥30 | 230 (35.9) | 451.6 (174.2) | 8.0 (2.3) | 43.5 (18.4) |
| Diabetes treatment and control | ||||
| Treatment arm | ||||
| Conventional | 321 (50.1) | 557.6 (204.7) | 8.6 (2.4) | 56.0 (24.7) |
| Intensive | 320 (49.9) | 540.9 (220.2) | 8.4 (2.5) | 53.7 (23.8) |
| Insulin dose, U/kg/d | ||||
| Tertile 1 (0.22–0.59) | 210 (32.8) | 610.6 (201.7) | 8.7 (2.3) | 62.7 (24.4) |
| Tertile 2 (0.60–0.82) | 210 (32.8) | 560.0 (209.0) | 8.6 (2.5) | 55.4 (22.7) |
| Tertile 3 (0.83–8.28) | 210 (32.8) | 471.6 (203.0) | 8.1 (2.5) | 45.9 (22.6) |
| Time-weighted DCCT/EDIC HbA1c, % | ||||
| Tertile (5.55–7.47) | 210 (32.8) | 572.7 (210.0) | 8.7 (2.6) | 55.8 (21.9) |
| Tertile (7.48–8.30) | 211 (32.8) | 537.2 (207.7) | 8.2 (2.3) | 56.0 (25.5) |
| Tertile (8.31–10.98) | 211 (32.8) | 532.9 (215.3) | 8.6 (2.4) | 52.1 (24.3) |
| Erectile dysfunction | ||||
| No | 410 (64.0) | 556.3 (200.0) | 8.6 (2.3) | 55.3 (23.4) |
| Yes | 222 (34.6) | 531.8 (234.0) | 8.3 (2.6) | 53.7 (25.9) |
| Diabetes complications | ||||
| Hypertensionb | ||||
| No | 190 (30.0) | 573.5 (213.1) | 8.5 (2.3) | 58.5 (26.9) |
| Yes | 444 (70.0) | 537.2 (211.5) | 8.5 (2.5) | 53.2 (22.9) |
| Retinopathyc | ||||
| Nonproliferative or none | 510 (79.6) | 548.8 (212) | 8.5 (2.4) | 55 (24.4) |
| Proliferative | 131 (20.4) | 551 (215.5) | 8.6 (2.6) | 54.4 (23.9) |
| Nephropathy measuresd | ||||
| None (AER <30) | 473 (74.5) | 563.1 (213.9) | 8.6 (2.5) | 56.2 (23.7) |
| Microalbuminuria (30 ≤ AER < 300) | 122 (19.2) | 511.4 (209.8) | 8.3 (2.4) | 51.1 (26.2) |
| Albuminuria (AER ≥300) | 40 (6.3) | 519.1 (187.8) | 8.3 (1.9) | 53.1 (23.3) |
| Sustained AER <30 | 517 (80.7) | 558.7 (214.3) | 8.5 (2.5) | 55.8 (24.3) |
| Sustained AER ≥30 | 124 (19.3) | 509.9 (201.4) | 8.3 (2.1) | 50.9 (23.9) |
| eGFR ≥60 | 613 (95.6) | 553.6 (211.4) | 8.5 (2.4) | 55.3 (24.3) |
| eGFR <60 | 28 (4.4) | 454.4 (220.9) | 7.8 (2.3) | 44.6 (21.2) |
| Peripheral neuropathye | ||||
| No | 357 (56.8) | 551.7 (202.1) | 8.7 (2.4) | 53.3 (21.6) |
| Yes | 272 (43.2) | 544.9 (227.3) | 8.2 (2.5) | 56.7 (27.4) |
| Autonomic neuropathyf | ||||
| No | 390 (62.3) | 557.9 (212.9) | 8.6 (2.5) | 54.8 (24.3) |
| Yes | 236 (37.7) | 535.3 (211.7) | 8.2 (2.4) | 55.1 (24.1) |
Abbreviations: AER, albumin excretion rate; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Variable categories that do not add up to n = 641 have missing values not shown.
Hypertension defined as sitting systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication.
Defined through EDIC year 14 using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study on a scale of 0 to 23 (<12, nonproliferative or none; ≥12, proliferative).
AER (mg/24 h) at EDIC years 15/16.
Defined at EDIC year 17/18 by Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument >6 responses or a score of >2 on the exam.
Autonomic testing completed in EDIC year 16/17 and abnormal finding defined as R-R variation <15 or R-R variation of15 to 20 in combination with Valsalva ratio ≤1.5 or a decrease of >10 mm Hg in diastolic BP.