Table 2.
Cross-sectional associations [OR (95% CI)] of global DNA methylation (%5‑mC) and global DNA hydroxymethylation (%5‑hmC) in 1989–1991 (visit 1) by participant characteristics in the Strong Heart Study (SHS).
| Characteristic | n | Methylation | Hydroxymethylation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Abbreviations: NA, not available; Ref, referent. Model 1 was unadjusted; model 2 was adjusted for age (years), sex, smoking status (never, former, current), and BMI (kg/m2). aSex-specific medians for waist circumference were 130 cm in men and 130 cm in women. bSex-specific medians for percent body fat were 29.8% in men and 41.40% in women. cSum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species in urine. | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| < 54 | 24 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 54 | 24 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.30) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.32) | 0.76 (0.46, 1.26) | 0.90 (0.54, 1.50) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 15 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Female | 33 | 1.37 (0.80, 2.33) | 1.36 (0.77, 2.38) | 1.20 (0.69, 2.07) | 1.23 (0.72, 2.10) |
| Education (years) | |||||
| ≥ 12 | 29 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| < 12 | 19 | 1.23 (0.74, 2.05) | 1.18 (0.67, 2.08) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.07) | 0.74 (0.43, 1.26) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| < 30 | 20 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 30 | 27 | 1.35 (0.81, 2.25) | 1.35 (0.80, 2.28) | 1.20 (0.73, 1.98) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.95) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||
| < Sex-specific mediana | 20 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ Sex-specific median | 26 | 0.90 (0.53, 1.53) | 0.88 (0.52, 1.50) | 1.05 (0.63, 1.75) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.65) |
| Percent body fat | |||||
| < Sex-specific medianb | 23 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ Sex-specific median | 24 | 0.94 (0.56, 1.56) | 0.90 (0.53, 1.51) | 1.47 (0.91, 2.38) | 1.58 (0.98, 2.56) |
| Smoking | |||||
| Never | 20 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Ever | 28 | 0.81 (0.49, 1.35) | 0.81 (0.47, 1.38) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.72) | 1.09 (0.65, 1.82) |
| Alcohol status | |||||
| Never | 8 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Ever | 40 | 0.97 (0.49, 1.90) | 1.06 (0.46, 2.43) | 0.85 (0.43, 1.68) | 0.71 (0.32, 1.58) |
| Urinary arsenic (μg/g)c | |||||
| < 7.2 | 24 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 14.0 | 24 | 1.05 (0.64, 1.74) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.80) | 0.74 (0.44, 1.22) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) |
| %iAs | |||||
| < 8.5 | 23 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 8.5 | 23 | 0.85 (0.51, 1.43) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.39) | 0.56 (0.34, 0.92) | 0.61 (0.36, 1.01) |
| %MMA | |||||
| < 14.4 | 23 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 14.4 | 23 | 0.73 (0.44, 1.21) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.40) | 0.59 (0.36, 0.97) | 0.71 (0.42, 1.20) |
| %DMA | |||||
| < 78.3 | 23 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 78.3 | 23 | 1.56 (0.95, 2.57) | 1.64 (0.93, 2.88) | 1.76 (1.07, 2.88) | 1.59 (0.95, 2.66) |
| Cadmium (μg/g) | |||||
| < 0.87 | 24 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 0.87 | 24 | 1.64 (1.02, 2.65) | 1.75 (0.96, 3.20) | 1.16 (0.70, 1.94) | 1.08 (0.59, 1.97) |
| Antimony (μg/g) | |||||
| < 0.27 | 24 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 0.27 | 24 | 1.37 (0.84, 2.24) | 1.24 (0.71, 2.15) | 1.07 (0.64, 1.78) | 1.08 (0.64, 1.85) |
| Tungsten (μg/g) | |||||
| < 0.13 | 24 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 0.13 | 24 | 1.50 (0.92, 2.45) | 1.46 (0.85, 2.52) | 1.25 (0.76, 2.08) | 1.13 (0.66, 1.92) |
| %5-mC | |||||
| < 0.32 | 24 | NA | NA | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥ 0.32 | 24 | NA | NA | 1.36 (0.82, 2.25) | 1.56 (0.95, 2.56) |
| %5-hmC | |||||
| < 0.12 | 23 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | NA | NA |
| ≥ 0.12 | 25 | 1.63 (1.01, 2.64) | 1.93 (1.15, 3.26) | NA | NA |