Table 3.

Prospective associations [OR (95% CI)] of global DNA methylation (%5‑mC) and global DNA hydroxymethylation (%5‑hmC) in 1993–1995 (visit 3) by participant characteristics in the Strong Heart Study (SHS).

Characteristic	n	Methylation			Hydroxymethylation
		Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Abbreviations: NA, not available; Ref, referent. Model 1 was unadjusted; model 2 was adjusted for log-transformed total count of white blood cells and percent of neutrophils; and model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 and also adjusted for age (years), sex, smoking status (never, former, current), and BMI (kg/m2). aSex-specific medians for waist circumference were 130 cm in men and 130 cm in women. bSex-specific medians for percent body fat were 29.8% in men and 41.40% in women. cSum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species in urine.
Age (years)
< 54	21	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 54	23	0.62 (0.34, 1.10)	0.62 (0.35, 1.12)	0.56 (0.31, 1.03)	0.63 (0.38, 1.10)	0.63 (0.38, 1.05)	0.64 (0.37, 1.10)
Sex
Male	15	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Female	29	0.76 (0.41, 1.42)	0.80 (0.42, 1.53)	0.69 (0.36, 1.33)	1.20 (0.70, 2.08)	1.24 (0.70, 2.18)	1.16 (0.66, 2.04)
Education (years)
≥ 12	27	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
< 12	17	1.08 (0.58, 1.99)	1.06 (0.56, 2.01)	1.07 (0.54, 2.09)	1.20 (0.71, 2.05)	1.17 (0.67, 2.04)	1.23 (0.69, 2.19)
BMI (kg/m2)
< 30	18	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 30	25	1.67 (0.92, 3.05)	1.69 (0.91, 3.14)	1.69 (0.92, 3.10)	1.05 (0.61, 1.80)	1.08 (0.62, 1.89)	1.01 (0.59, 1.73)
Waist circumference (cm)
< Sex-specific mediana	19	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ Sex-specific median	24	1.19 (0.64, 2.20)	1.16 (0.63, 2.17)	1.16 (0.63, 2.14)	0.86 (0.51, 1.47)	0.85 (0.50, 1.47)	0.82 (0.49, 1.38)
Percent body fat
< Sex-specific medianb	21	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ Sex-specific median	22	1.61 (0.89, 2.92)	1.60 (0.87, 2.93)	1.45 (0.79, 2.65)	1.48 (0.88, 2.49)	1.50 (0.89, 2.55)	1.41 (0.84, 2.36)
Smoking
Never	19	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Ever	25	0.58 (0.32, 1.03)	0.61 (0.33, 1.13)	0.51 (0.27, 0.98)	0.69 (0.41, 1.16)	0.71 (0.41, 1.24)	0.68 (0.39, 1.18)
Alcohol status
Never	8	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Ever	36	0.86 (0.40, 1.87)	0.84 (0.38, 1.85)	0.93 (0.35, 2.44)	0.89 (0.45, 1.75)	0.89 (0.45, 1.78)	0.90 (0.39, 2.07)
Urinary arsenic (μg/g)c
< 7.2	23	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 14.0	21	0.58 (0.33, 1.03)	0.54 (0.30, 0.97)	0.59 (0.32, 1.10)	0.78 (0.46, 1.30)	0.73 (0.43, 1.25)	0.80 (0.46, 1.39)
%iAs
< 8.5	21	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 8.5	22	0.91 (0.50, 1.68)	0.90 (0.48, 1.67)	0.78 (0.40, 1.50)	0.83 (0.49, 1.40)	0.79 (0.46, 1.37)	0.71 (0.40, 1.25)
%MMA
< 14.4	21	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 14.4	22	0.73 (0.40, 1.34)	0.73 (0.40, 1.34)	0.70 (0.36, 1.37)	0.58 (0.35, 0.96)	0.58 (0.35, 0.98)	0.62 (0.35, 1.10)
%DMA
< 78.3	22	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 78.3	21	1.57 (0.87, 2.85)	1.61 (0.88, 2.94)	1.75 (0.92, 3.32)	1.34 (0.79, 2.26)	1.38 (0.81, 2.36)	1.32 (0.75, 2.35)
Cadmium (μg/g)
< 0.87	24	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 0.87	20	0.86 (0.47, 1.56)	0.90 (0.49, 1.66)	1.03 (0.50, 2.11)	1.04 (0.62, 1.76)	1.07 (0.62, 1.83)	0.97 (0.52, 1.80)
Antimony (μg/g)
< 0.27	22	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 0.27	22	1.71 (0.96, 3.04)	1.93 (1.07, 3.47)	2.15 (1.15, 4.01)	1.15 (0.69, 1.94)	1.22 (0.71, 2.10)	1.16 (0.65, 2.07)
Tungsten (μg/g)
< 0.13	23	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 0.13	21	0.84 (0.46, 1.52)	0.90 (0.47, 1.71)	0.93 (0.46, 1.86)	1.25 (0.75, 2.10)	1.40 (0.81, 2.44)	1.32 (0.73, 2.37)
%5-mC
< 0.32	22	NA	NA	NA	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
≥ 0.32	22	NA	NA	NA	1.24 (0.74, 2.08)	1.21 (0.71, 2.06)	1.15 (0.67, 1.96)
%5-hmC
< 0.12	20	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	NA	NA	NA
≥ 0.12	24	1.23 (0.68, 2.24)	1.16 (0.63, 2.16)	1.28 (0.67, 2.45)	NA	NA	NA