Table 1.
Rodent mammary gland carcinogens included in NHANES exposure surveillance.
| Parent chemical | Blood biomarker | Urine biomarker | Detection frequency (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,1-Dichloroethane | 1,1-Dichloroethane | None | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane | 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane | None | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| 1,2-Dibromoethane | None | HEMA (nonspecific)a | 71 (nonspecific metabolite)a | Alwis et al. 2012; Calafat et al. 1999 |
| 1,2-Dichloroethane | 1,2-Dichloroethane | None | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| 1,2-Dichloropropane | 1,2-Dichloropropane | None | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| 1,3-Butadiene | None | MA metabolites | NA | Alwis et al. 2012 |
| Acrylamide | Hb adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide | MA metabolites | > 50 (blood) | Alwis et al. 2012 |
| Acrylonitrile | None | HEMA (nonspecific)a; specific MA metabolite | 71 (nonspecific metabolite)a | Alwis et al. 2012; Calafat et al. 1999 |
| Atrazine | None | Atrazine mercapturate | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| Benzene | Benzene | MA metabolites | > 50 (blood) | Alwis et al. 2012; CDC 2009 |
| Carbon tetrachloride | Carbon tetrachloride | None | < 5, 2003–2004 (> 25, 2001–2002) | CDC 2009 |
| Chlordane | Serum: oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor | None | > 50 | CDC 2009 |
| Dichlorvos | None | Dimethyl phosphate (nonspecific)b | > 25 (nonspecific metabolite)b | CDC 2009 |
| Ethylene oxide | Hb adducts | HEMA (nonspecific)a | 71 (nonspecific urinary metabolite)a | Alwis et al. 2012; Calafat et al. 1999; CDC 2008 |
| Propylene oxide | Hb adducts | MA metabolites | NA | Alwis et al. 2012; CDC 2008 |
| Fenvalerate | None | Phenoxybenzoic acid (nonspecific)c | 75 (nonspecific metabolite)c | CDC 2009; Riederer et al. 2008 |
| Methylene chloride | Methylene chloride | None | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| Methyleugenol | Serum: methyleugenol | None | 98 | Barr et al. 2000 |
| Nitrobenzene | Nitrobenzene | None | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| PAHsd | None | 22 metabolites (e.g., 1-hydroxypyrene) | 98 | CDC 2012; Li et al. 2008 |
| PFOA | Serum: PFOA | None | > 50 | CDC 2012 |
| Styrene | Styrene | MA metabolite, mandelic acid | > 25 (blood) | Alwis et al. 2012; CDC 2009 |
| Vinyl chloride | None | HEMA (nonspecific)a | 71 (nonspecific metabolite)a | Alwis et al. 2012; Calafat et al. 1999 |
| Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethene) | Vinylidene chloride | None | < 5 | CDC 2009 |
| Abbreviations: Hb, hemoglobin; HEMA, 2-hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid; MA, muconic acid; NA, not applicable; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid. aA metabolite of vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, 1,2-dibromoethane, acrylonitrile, and other electrophilic two-carbon compounds (Alwis et al. 2012; Calafat et al. 1999). bA metabolite of > 15 organophosphate insecticides, including dichlorvos, malathion, and methyl parathion (CDC 2009). cA metabolite of ≥ 6 pyrethroid insecticides (CDC 2009). dPAH metabolites have not been identified as rodent mammary carcinogens in this method, but exposure is likely to be correlated with carcinogenic PAHs or nitro-PAHs, in some cases. | ||||