Table 4.

Adjusted^a associations of TRAP and traffic indicators with BP, estimated with random-effects meta-analysis.

Outcome and exposure (increment)	Studies (n)	No BPLM	phet	I2 (%)	BPLM intake	phet	I2 (%)
		Changeb [mmHg (95% CI)]			Change [mmHg (95% CI)]
Systolic BP
PM2.5 (5 μg/m3)	12c	0.20 (–0.76, 1.16)	0.09	38	0.98 (–0.35, 2.31)	0.49	0
PM2.5 absorbance (10–5/m)	12	0.07 (–0.46, 0.60)	0.42	3	–0.04 (–1.37, 1.29)	0.28	17
PMcoarse (5 μg/m3)	12	–0.09 (–0.76, 0.58)	0.01	58	0.30 (–0.44, 1.04)	0.59	0
PM10 (10 μg/m3)	12	0.09 (–0.60, 0.78)	0.10	36	0.44 (–0.68, 1.56)	0.36	9
NO2 (10 μg/m3)	13	–0.29 (–0.70, 0.12)	0.02	50	–0.14 (–0.77, 0.49)	0.26	18
NOx (20 μg/m3)	13	–0.08 (–0.47, 0.31)	0.03	48	0.04 (–0.43, 0.51)	0.61	0
Traffic load (4 × 106 vehicles × m/day)	13d	0.35 (0.02, 0.68)	0.35	9	–0.11 (–0.74, 0.52)	0.84	0
Traffic intensity (5,000 vehicles/day)	12e	0.08 (–0.06, 0.22)	0.86	0	0.11 (–0.22, 0.45)	0.73	0
Diastolic BP
PM2.5 (5 μg/m3)	12c	0.14 (–0.57, 0.85)	0.01	57	0.59 (–0.19, 1.37)	0.88	0
PM2.5 absorbance (10–5/m)	12	0.24 (–0.09, 0.57)	0.4	5	0.43 (–0.49, 1.35)	0.14	32
PMcoarse (5 μg/m3)	12	0.13 (–0.11, 0.37)	0.25	20	0.34 (–0.23, 0.91)	0.13	32
PM10 (10 μg/m3)	12	0.17 (–0.12, 0.46)	0.31	14	0.63 (–0.11, 1.37)	0.23	22
NO2 (10 μg/m3)	13	0.04 (–0.10, 0.18)	0.62	0	0.21 (–0.12, 0.54)	0.32	13
NOx (20 μg/m3)	13	0.09 (–0.05, 0.23)	0.62	0	0.32 (–0.01, 0.65)	0.30	14
Traffic load (4 × 106 vehicles × m/day)	13d	0.22 (0.04, 0.40)	0.72	0	–0.04 (–0.39, 0.31)	0.94	0
Traffic intensity (5,000 vehicles/day)	12e	0.08 (0.00, 0.16)	0.80	0	–0.04 (–0.30, 0.21)	0.22	22
I2 is a measure of heterogeneity between cohorts, and phet is a p-value for the Q-test of ­heterogeneity. aAdjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, passive smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, educational level, economic activity, neighborhood SES (including a random intercept for a neighborhood). bEstimated change in BP refers to the indicated exposure increment. cFINRISK, HUBRO, 60-year-olds, SDPP, SNAC-K, TwinGene, EPIC-MORGEN, EPIC-Prospect, HNR, KORA, SAPALDIA (Lugano site), REGICOR; n(total) = 91,574; n(non­medicated) = 79,404; n(medicated) = 12,170. dFINRISK, HUBRO, 60-year-olds, SDPP, SNAC-K, TwinGene, EPIC-Umeå, EPIC-MORGEN, EPIC-Prospect, HNR, KORA, SAPALDIA, REGICOR; n(total) = 114,648; n(non­medicated) = 99,705; n(medicated) = 14,943. eFINRISK, HUBRO, 60-year-olds, SDPP, SNAC-K, TwinGene, EPIC-Umeå, EPIC-MORGEN, EPIC-Prospect, KORA, SAPALDIA, REGICOR; n(total) = 110,033; n(non­medicated) = 96,717; n(medicated) = 13,316.