Table 1.
Summary of magnetic field (MF) effects on plants.
| Plant species | Plant organ | Effect | MF intensity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXPOSURE TO MF VALUES LOWER THAN THOSE OF THE GMF | ||||
| Actinidia deliciosa | Pollen | Release of internal Ca2+ | 10 μT | Betti et al., 2011 |
| Allium cepa | Root and shoot | Decrease in the cell number with enhanced DNA content | <GMF | Nanushyan and Murashov, 2001; Belyavskaya, 2004 and references cited therein |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Delayed flowering Reproductive growth | Near null | Xu et al., 2012, 2013 | |
| Glycine max | Protoplasts Seeds | Increased protoplasts fusion | <GMF | Nedukha et al., 2007 |
| Seed germination | 1500 nT | Radhakrishnan and Kumari, 2013 | ||
| Helianthus annuus | Seedlings | Increases in fresh weight | 20 μT | Fischer et al., 2004 |
| Hordeum volgare | Seedlings | Decrease in fresh weight | 10 nT | Lebedev et al., 1977 |
| Lepidium sativum | Roots | Negative gravitropism | <GMF | Kordyum et al., 2005 |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Protoplasts | Increased protoplasts fusion | <GMF | Nedukha et al., 2007 |
| Pisum sativum | Epicotyl | Promotion of cell elongation; ultrastructural peculiarities increase in the [Ca2+]cyt level | <GMF | Negishi et al., 1999; Belyavskaya, 2001; Yamashita et al., 2004 |
| Solanum spp. | In vitro cultures | Stimulation/inhibition of growth | <GMF | Rakosy-Tican et al., 2005 |
| Triticum aestivum | Seeds and seedlings | Activation of esterases reduction of growth | from 20 nT to 0.1 mT | Bogatina et al., 1978; Aksenov et al., 2000 |
| Vicia faba | Root tips | Alter membrane transport processes | 10 and 100 μT | Stange et al., 2002 |
| EXPOSURE TO MF VALUES HIGHER THAN THOSE OF THE GMF | ||||
| Abelmoschus esculentus | Seed | Promotion of germination | 99 mT | Naz et al., 2012 |
| Allium ascalonicum | Seedlings | Increased lipid peroxidation and H2O2 levels | 7 mT | Cakmak et al., 2012 |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Seedlings | Enhanced blue light-dependent phosphorylations of CRY1 and CRY2; hypocotyl growth | 500 μT | Harris et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2014 |
| Callus culture | 15 T | Weise et al., 2000 | ||
| Amyloplast displacement | Manzano et al., 2013 | |||
| Diamagnetic levitation | Herranz et al., 2013 | |||
| Proteomic alterations | Paul et al., 2006 | |||
| Induced expression of the Adh/GUS transgene in the roots and leaves | ||||
| Beta vulgaris | Seedlings | Increased root and leaf yield | 5 mT | Rochalska, 2008 Rochalska, 2005 |
| Increased chlorophyll content | Rochalska, 2005 | |||
| Carica papaya | Pollen | Increased pollen germination | >GMF | Alexander and Ganeshan, 1990 |
| Catharanthus roseus | Protoplast | Effect on cell wall | 302 mT | Haneda et al., 2006 |
| Cicer arietinum | Seed | Promotion of germination | 0–250 mT | Vashisth and Nagarajan, 2008 |
| Root | Increase in root length, surface area and volume | |||
| Coffea arabica | Seedlings | Decrease of SOD, CAT, and APX activities | 2 mT | Aleman et al., 2014 |
| Cryptotaenia japonica | Seed | Promotion of germination | 500, 750 μT | Kobayashi et al., 2004 |
| Cucumis sativus | Seedlings | Increase in superoxide radicals and H2O2 | 100–250 mT | Bhardwaj et al., 2012 |
| Desmodium gyrans | Leaf | Reduced rhythmic leaflet movements | 50 mT | Sharma et al., 2000 |
| Dioscorea opposita | Seedling | Increased root length and number | 2× GMF | Li, 2000 |
| Fragaria vesca | Plantlets | Increased fruit yield per plant | 0.096, 0.192 and 0.384 T | Esitken and Turan, 2004 |
| Glycine max | Seedlings | Reduction of O2-radical level | 150,200 mT | Baby et al., 2011; Radhakrishnan and Kumari, 2012, 2013; Shine et al., 2012 |
| Reactive oxygen species production | ||||
| Increased Rubisco | Shine et al., 2011 | |||
| Helianthus annuus | Seedlings | Increased seedling dry weight, root length, root surface area and root volume | 50, 200 mT | Vashisth and Nagarajan, 2010 |
| Increased activities of α-amylase, dehydrogenase and protease | ||||
| Helianthus annuus | Seedlings | Increased chlorophyll concentration | >GMF | Turker et al., 2007 |
| Helix aspesa | Seedlings | Oxidative burst | 50-Hz | Regoli et al., 2005 |
| Hordeum vulgare | Seedlings | Increases in length and weight | 125 mT | Martinez et al., 2000 |
| Leymus chinensis | Seedlings | Increased peroxidase activity | 200,300 mT | Xia and Guo, 2000 |
| Oryza sativa | Seed | Reduction of germination | 125,250 mT | Florez et al., 2004 |
| Paulownia fortunei | Tissue cultures | Increased regeneration capability | 2.9–4.8 mT | Yaycili and Alikamanoglu, 2005 |
| Paulownia tomentosa | Tissue cultures | Increased regeneration capability | 2.9–4.8 mT | Yaycili and Alikamanoglu, 2005 |
| Petroselinum crispum | Cells | Effects on CAT and APX activity | 30 mT | Rajabbeigi et al., 2013 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Seeds | Promotion of germination | 2 or 7 mT | Sakhnini, 2007; Cakmak et al., 2010 |
| Increased chlorophyll emission fluorescence | 3 100,160 mT | Jovanic and Sarvan, 2004 | ||
| Pisum sativum | Seed | Promotion of germination | 60,120,180 mT | Iqbal et al., 2012 |
| Seedlings | Increased length and weight | 125, 250 mT | Carbonell et al., 2011 | |
| Induction of SOD activity | Polovinkina et al., 2011 | |||
| Raphanus sativus | Seedlings | Suppression of SOD and CAT activities | 185–650 μT | Serdyukov and Novitskii, 2013 |
| Reduced CO2 uptake | 500 μT | Yano et al., 2004 | ||
| Stimulation of lipid synthesis | Novitskaya et al., 2010; Novitskii et al., 2014 | |||
| Solanum lycopersicum | Seed | Promotion of germination | 160–200 mT | De Souza et al., 2010; Poinapen et al., 2013a |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Seed | Promotion of germination | 160–200 mT | De Souza et al., 2010; Poinapen et al., 2013a |
| Shoots | Effect on gravitropismo | |||
| Magnetophoretic curvature | Hasenstein and Kuznetsov, 1999 | |||
| Increased mean fruit weight, yield per plant and per area | De Souza et al., 2006 | |||
| Geminivirus and early blight and a reduced infection rate | ||||
| Solanum tuberosum | Seedlings | Amyloplast displacement | 4 mT | Hasenstein et al., 2013 |
| Plantlets | Growth promotion and enhancement of CO2 uptake enhanced lipid order | Iimoto et al., 1998 | ||
| Poinapen et al., 2013b | ||||
| Taxus chinensis | Suspension culture | Promotion of taxol production | 3.5 mT | Shang et al., 2004 |
| Tradescantia spp. | Inflorescence | Pink mutations in stamen hair cells | 0.16, 0.76, 0.78 T | Baum and Nauman, 1984 |
| Triticum aestivum | Seed | Promotion of germination | 4 or 7 mT; 30-mT | Cakmak et al., 2010 |
| Seedlings | Amyloplast displacement increased catalase but reduced peroxidase activity | 30-mT | Hasenstein et al., 2013 | |
| Payez et al., 2013 | ||||
| Vicia faba | Plantlets | Accumulation of ROS | 15 mT | Jouni et al., 2012 |
| Modification of catalase and MAPK; accumulation of H2O2 | 30 mT | Haghighat et al., 2014 | ||
| Vigna radiata | Seed | Promotion of germination | 87 to 226 mT | Mahajan and Pandey, 2014 |
| Seedlings | Decrease of malondialdehyde, H2O2 and O−2, and increase of NO and NOS activity | 600 mT | Chen et al., 2011 | |
| Zea mays | Seed | Promotion of germination | Bilalis et al., 2012 | |
| Seedlings | Increase of fresh weight | 125,250 mT | Florez et al., 2007 | |
| Amyloplast displacement | Hasenstein et al., 2013 | |||
| Decreased levels of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant defense system enzymes | 100,200 mT | Anand et al., 2012 | ||
| Shine and Guruprasad, 2012 | ||||
| Reduction of antioxidant enzymes | Turker et al., 2007; Javed et al., 2011; Anand et al., 2012 | |||
| Increased stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content | 100,200 mT | |||
| 100,200 mT | ||||