Table 3.

Sources of Body Composition Reference Data in Children and Adolescents

Measure	Source	Comment
Percentage Body Fat	Ogden 2011 (62)	Percentage body fat estimated by DXA, available for ages 8–19 (NHANES)
FFMI	Kelly et al. 2009 (63)	Described as LBMI, actually FFMI estimated by DXA, available for ages 8-adult (NHANES)
Waist Circumference	Fernandez (64)	Available for ages 2–19, includes group-specific percentiles for Whites, Blacks, and Mexican Americans
Bone Mineral Content, Bone Mineral Density	Zemel et al. 2011 (65)	Total body, lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, forearm for African Americans and non-African Americans ages 5–20 (Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study) includes equation for adjusting for height
	Baxter-Jones et al	Longitudinal reference ranges for bone mineral content, for ages 8 to 25 years for African Americans, Whites, Asians and Hispanics from Canada and the U.S. {Baxter-Jones, 2010 #4032}
Total Body Water and other components	Ellis et al	Reference ranges for total body water, total body potassium and total bone mineral content for European-Americans, African Americans and Mexican Americans based on 856 healthy children, ages 5 to 18y {Ellis, 2000 #210}
	Fomon et al. 1982	Reference ranges for composition and density of fat free body mass (protein, total body water, intra- and extracellular water, osseous and non-osseous mineral, carbohydrate, total body potassium and density of fat-free mass for birth to 10 years of age {Fomon, 1982 #55}
	Butte et al.	Reference ranges for fat mass, fat-free mass, percent body fat, and composition and density of fat free mass for infants, birth to 24 months of age based on a longitudinal sample of 76 infants.{Butte, 2000 #211}
Density and hydration of lean tissue	Wells et al.	Based on 533 individuals (91% white), ages 4–23 y in the U.K. {Wells, 2010 #499}