Table 2.

Experimental animal models developed for various flaviviruses

Vector	Flavivirus	Experimental models for VBFV persistence
Mosquito	WNV	C57BL/6 (B6) mice and C3H/HeN (C3H) mice (Appler et al., 2010; Pierson & Diamond, 2012): WNV RNA persisted in a pantropic manner in 12% of infected mice for up to 6 months. Infectious virus could be isolated in 12% of mice for up to 4 months. C3H mice survival rate was lower and 22% when compared to the survival rate of B6 mice, which was 78%
		Macaque rhesus (Pogodina et al., 1981): Virus persisted in asymptomatic animals for 5½ months and could be isolated from cerebellum, cerebral subcortical ganglia, lymph nodes, and kidneys
		Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus; Tesh et al., 2005; Tonry et al., 2005): Chronic renal infection with persistent shedding of virus for up to 8 months. Virus could be recovered by culture, and genotypic and phenotypic changes were identified
House sparrow (Passer domesticus; Nemeth et al., 2009): infectious virus persisted in tissues for up to 43 days, but was not detectable in sera after 6 days. WNV RNA persisted in tissues for up to 65 days
SLEV	Golden hamster (Siirin et al., 2007): Infected animals remained asymptomatic, but virus could be cocultivated in various organs for up to 185 days
JEV	Swiss albino mice (Mathur et al., 1986a, b): Persistence was demonstrated by reactivation in 41% of congenitally infected pups. In adult mice, viral persistence was shown to last longer (16 weeks) in pregnant mice compared with 4 weeks in nonpregnant mice
Tick	TBEV	Macaque rhesus (Pogodina, 1983; Pogodina et al., 1984, 1981): Monkeys recovered from encephalitis and virus persisted for at least 738 days. In asymptomatic animals, virus persisted for 302 days
	LIV	Immunosuppressed guinea pigs (Zlotnik et al., 1971): LIV was lethal in young animals, but older animals acquire a nonapparent infection with viral replication in the brain and spleen
	POWV	Deer mouse (Peromyscus leucopus; Telford et al., 1997): not a well characterized model, but adult mice appear to survive infection

Louping ill virus infects sheep.