Table 1.

Characteristics of NESARC participants with anxiety symptoms at the wave 1 (baseline) interview with the subsequent occurrence and persistence of alcohol dependence at the time of the follow-up interview (wave 2).

Characteristics at baseline	Alcohol dependence at follow-up						Persistence of alcohol dependence
	Absent		Present		Bivariate logistic regression analyses		Absent		Present		Bivariate logistic regression analyses
	N	%	N	%	OR (95% CI)	p	N	%	N	%	OR (95% CI)	p
Alcohol self-medication of anxiety:
Absent	1266	92.0	111	56.7	1.00	<0.001	253	84.0	68	48.2	1.00
Present	113	8.0	77	43.3	9.96 (6.47-15.32)		53	16.0	68	51.8	6.45 (3.64-11.42)	<0.001
Sex:
Male	418	34.8	102	54.5	1.00	<0.001	139	51.7	79	58.3	1.00
Female	961	65.2	86	45.5	0.40 (0.27-0.58)		167	48.3	57	41.7	0.69 (0.42-1.14)	0.144
Age (years):
18-35	411	30.5	71	42.3	1.00		113	37.2	51	42.3	1.00
36-49	463	34.0	78	41.6	0.83 (0.53-1.30)	0.412	110	35.0	58	44.1	0.99 (0.57-1.73)	0.984
50+	505	35.5	39	16.1	0.30 (0.19-0.49)	<0.001	83	27.8	27	13.6	0.40 (0.22-0.72)	0.003
Race/ethnicity:
White	1013	83.5	138	83.6	1.00		239	83.8	104	83.7	1.00
Black	180	7.3	26	8.8	1.17 (0.67-2.03)	0.571	28	5.3	17	8.9	1.85 (0.81-4.24)	0.141
Hispanic/Other	186	9.3	24	7.7	0.80 (0.431.49)	0.480	39	10.9	15	7.4	0.68 (0.26-1.79)	0.427
Education (years):
<12	163	11.1	31	17.6	1.00		37	12.3	24	20.7	1.00
≥12	1216	88.9	157	82.4	0.59 (0.33-1.08)	0.085	269	87.7	112	79.3	0.54 (0.24-1.20)	0.128
Drinking patterna:
<Daily	1244	90.0	126	66.5	1.00		260	84.7	86	65.1	1.00
Daily/nearly daily	130	10.0	62	33.5	4.65 (3.09-6.97)	<0.001	46	15.3	50	34.9	3.01 (1.69-5.36)	<0.001
Drink levelb:
<5 on drinking days	1263	90.8	120	64.5	1.00		252	82.3	74	56.1	1.00
≥5 on drinking days	113	9.2	66	35.5	7.19 (4.42-11.68)	<0.001	54	17.7	60	43.9	4.45 (2.50-7.92)	<0.001
Anxiety disorderc:
GADd	430	31.1	73	37.7	1.34 (0.90-2.00)	0.139	110	34.5	57	39.7	1.21 (0.73-2.03)	0.448
Panic disorder	102	7.2	25	13.6	1.94 (1.08-3.49)	0.028	31	9.6	22	14.9	1.57 (0.77-3.22)	0.209
Social phobia	175	13.3	40	17.7	1.40 (0.87-2.26)	0.160	56	19.6	31	18.1	0.89 (0.46-1.73)	0.723
Specific phobia	307	22.2	53	31.3	1.54 (1.02-2.33)	0.038	78	26.1	41	33.5	1.36 (0.77-2.42)	0.283
Anxiety symptoms without full criteria	708	50.9	79	39.1	0.61 (0.43-0.87)	0.007	132	42.6	51	35.2	0.75 (0.47-1.19)	0.221
Comorbidityc:
Major depressive disorder	419	29.9	68	36.5	1.34 (0.87-2.09)	0.181	109	31.7	57	42.7	1.62 (0.95-2.75)	0.077
Personality disorderse	593	43.8	118	64.3	2.32 (1.60-3.35)	<0.001	174	57.4	89	66.3	1.38 (0.88-2.18)	0.158
Non-alcohol drug use disorderf	28	2.3	26	15.7	7.70 (3.39-17.52)	<0.001	17	6.0	25	20.7	3.69 (1.58-8.60)	0.003
Nicotine dependence	430	31.6	118	66.0	4.32 (2.85-6.56)	<0.001	159	51.8	94	70.2	2.03 (1.20-3.46)	0.010
Family history of alcoholism:
Absent	733	54.0	67	31.6	1.00		124	42.2	47	29.6	1.00
Present	646	46.0	121	68.4	2.70 (1.84-3.98)	<0.001	182	57.8	89	70.4	1.87 (1.13-3.09)	0.016
Treatment of anxiety symptomsg:
None	673	48.5	93	46.6	1.00		144	51.2	68	46.4	1.00
Any	706	51.5	95	53.4	1.05 (0.71-1.54)	0.808	162	48.8	68	53.6	1.14 (0.67-1.95)	0.619

^aIndicates pattern of drinking in the past year. There is missing data for 5 participants for the sample to assess development of alcohol dependence.

^bIndicates the number of alcoholic drinks consumed on drinking days in the past year. There is missing data for 5 participants for the development sample, and missing data for 2 participants in the persistence sample.

^cDiagnostic categories are not mutually exclusive.

^dGAD, generalized anxiety disorder.

^eIncludes antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, borderline, schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid, obsessive-compulsive, dependent and avoidant personality disorders.

^fIncludes lifetime history of abuse and/or dependence on non-alcohol substances: heroin, other opioids, cocaine, cannabis, stimulants, and/or hallucinogens.

^gIndicates any lifetime treatment history of anxiety symptoms including outpatient therapy, medication treatment and/or inpatient hospitalization.