Table 2. Neglected parasitic infections in the United States.

Neglected Parasitic Infection	Selected Prevalence Data	Major Risk Factors	Clinical Sequelae in Adults and Children 1	Clinical Sequelae in Adults and Children 2	Congenital Clinical Sequelae	References
Toxocariasis	>21% Seroprevalence among African- Americans (up to 2.8 million African-Americans); >17% seroprevalence in the American South	African-American race, male sex, poverty, low education level, lead ingestion, contact with dogs, coinfection with Toxoplasma	Neurologic and psychiatric: cognitive delays; epilepsy; ocular manifestations	Pulmonary: diminished lung function asthma	Not well established	[13]–[22]
Cysticercosis	Up to 41,000–169,000 infected persons; likely widely under-recognized, with only an estimated 1,000 hospitalized cases diagnosed	Hispanic immigrants	Neurologic: epilepsy; chronic headaches	None	Not well established	[24]–[28]
Chagas Disease	300,167 cases	Hispanic-Americans	Cardiovascular: cardiomyopathy neurysms; conduction disturbances; sudden death	Gastrointestinal: megaviscera	Congenital: congenital Chagas disease syndrome	[29]–[38]
Toxoplasmosis	1.1 million new cases annually, including 21,505 cases of ocular toxoplasmosis and up to 4,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis	African-American ethnicity and poverty	Neurologic and psychiatric: cerebritis; schizophrenia; bipolar and other mood disorders	Ocular: retinitis and retinal scars and other ocular findings	Congenital toxoplasmosis syndrome: hydrocephalus; chorioretinitis; intracranial calcifications; cognitive deficits; hearing loss	[39]–[47]
Trichomoniasis	7.4 million new cases annually	African-American ethnicity—10 times more common	Genitourinary: vaginitis; pelvic inflammatory disease; pregnancy complications	HIV coinfections	Neonatal infections	[48]–[52]
Total	Approximately 12 million incident or prevalent infections, including some people living with chronic sequelae

Features that produce clinical manifestations and sequelae similar to selected noncommunicable diseases.