Table 4. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses for CRVE.
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age, y | −0.14 (−0.2, −0.08) | <0.001 * | −0.12 (−0.19, −0.05) | <0.001 * |
| Gender | ||||
| Females (ref: Males) | −0.84 (−2.29, 0.60) | 0.253 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| 24–28 (ref: <24) | −0.76 (−2.29, 0.77) | 0.330 | ||
| >28 (ref: <24) | −1.91 (−4.27, 0.45) | 0.112 | ||
| SBP, mm Hg | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.04) | <0.001 * | ||
| DBP, mm Hg | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.02) | 0.009 * | ||
| MAP, mm Hg | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.04) | <0.001 * | 0.002 (−0.08, 0.08) | 0.969 |
| PP, mm Hg | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.05) | <0.001 * | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.02) | 0.18 |
| Blood pressure classification | ||||
| Prehypertension (ref: normal) | −0.44 (−2.22, 1.34) | 0.627 | 1.34 (−0.61, 3.30) | 0.179 |
| Hypertension (ref: normal) | −2.62 (−4.26, −0.98) | 0.002 * | 1.89 (−0.89, 4.67) | 0.182 |
| HR, beats per minute | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.09) | 0.683 | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Current or former (ref: never) | 3.60 (1.83, 5.37) | <0.001 * | 2.87 (1.00, 4.74) | 0.003 * |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Current or former (ref: never) | 2.26 (0.34, 4.18) | 0.021 * | 1.96 (−0.06, 3.98) | 0.301 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Present (ref: absent) | 1.03 (−1.08, 3.15) | 0.337 | ||
| Hypertension | −0.89 (−2.59, 0.80) | 0.301 | ||
| Present (ref: absent) | −2.59 (−4.06, −1.11) | 0.001 * | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| Present (ref: absent) | 0.77 (−0.63, 2.17) | 0.283 | ||
| TG, mmol/L | 2.56 (1.17, 3.95) | <0.001 * | −0.10 (−0.75, 0.54) | 0.751 |
| TC, mmol/L | −0.44 (−1.11, 0.23) | 0.195 | ||
| HDL-C, mmol/L | −2.10 (−4.21, 0.02) | 0.052 | ||
| LDL-C, mmol/L | −0.78 (−1.57, 0.01) | 0.052 | ||
| FPG, mmol/L | 0.21 (−0.25, 0.68) | 0.372 | ||
| Uric acid, µmol/L | 0.012 (0.004, 0.021) | 0.003 * | 0.01 (0.0002, 0.02) | 0.044 * |
| HbA1c, % | 0.64 (−0.39, 1.66) | 0.225 | ||
| hs-CRP, mg/L† | −0.87 (−1.46, −0.28) | 0.004 * | −0.07 (−0.68, 0.54) | 0.824 |
| CRAE, µm | 0.23 (0.21, 0.26) | <0.001 * | 0.51 (0.45, 0.57) | <0.001 * |
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; HR, heart rate; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; D(f), retinal vascular fractal dimension.
β (95% CI): regression coefficient and 95% confidence interval.
*P<0.05 indicates a significant association with CRVE.
†
Log transformation was applied.
The R2 for the multivariable regression model was 0.1412.