Table 4. Factors associated with BPPV in females.

Comorbidities	Female BPPV patientsyes% (n out of 164 total)	General female population(set at n = 1,000)	P	References and notes for control data
Allergies	50% (82)	32.3%–35% (350)	0.0003	[56], [57]
Blood pressure	38.4% (63)	26.4–32.8% (328)	0.18	[58]
Ear/Hearing	33.5% (55)	12.7–14.4% (144)	<0.0001	[58] Estimated based on gender ratio and data in 45–64 age group
Head injury	8.5% (14)	3.0% (30)	0.003	[59] Annual occurrence (0.3%) x 10 years
Headaches	38.4% (63)	17.0–38.0% (275)	0.005	[60], [61] Mean from meta-analysis; Chronic or repeated headaches were assumed
Heart	17.7% (29)	12.0% (120)	0.058	[58] Estimated from gender ratio
High cholesterol	39.0% (64)	31.0% (310)	0.047	[62]
Kidney/bladder	10.4% (17)	6.6% (66)	0.10	[58], [63] 1.8% chronic kidney diseases + 4.8% chronic bladder problems
Migraine	26.2% (43)	19.7% (197)	0.06	[64]
Numbness/Paralysis	9.2% (15)	5.6% (56)	0.11	[65], [66] Control on numbness (3.8%) only had stroke data (including mild stroke); on paralysis (1.8%) included injury cases
Thyroid	21.3% (35)	13.2% (132)	0.008	[67]–[69] Data on UK population

The age- and gender-matched control statistics are on the general population in the size of thousands to hundreds of thousands. To simplify the analysis and to provide a conservative estimate of statistical significance, the control population size is set at 1,000 for all diseases for Fisher’s exact test in the table. If no mean prevalence data by meta-analysis are available, the highest prevalence data available for each disease in the control population is used to obtain the two-tailed p values. Significant (or nearly significant) comorbidities are bolded.