Table 1. Summary of previously reported cell state conversions.

Germ layer	Target cell	Species	Parent cell	Inducer	Reference
Mesoderm	Brown fat	H, M	Myoblast	PRDM16, C/EBPβ	81
	Cardiomyocyte	M	Amniotic mesodermal cell	Tbx5, Gata4, Baf60c	73
	Cardiomyocyte	M	Cardiac fibroblast	Tbx5, Gata4, Mef2c	74
	Cardiomyocyte	M	Fibroblast	Tbx5, Gata4, Mef2c, Hand2	75
	Cardiomyocyte	M	Fibroblast	miR-1, miR-133, miR-208, miR-499	76
	Cardiomyocyte	H	Fibroblast	TBX5, GATA4, HAND2, MYOCARDIN, miR-1, miR-133	77
	Cardiomyocyte	H	Fibroblast	TBX5, GATA4, MEF2C, MYOCARDIN, ESRRG, MESP1, ZFPM2	78
	Chondrosarcoma	H	Placental cell	T, BCL6, c-MYC, MITF, BAF60C	84
	Chondrocyte	H, M	Adult dermal fibroblast	SOX9, c-MYC, KLF4	82,83
	Macrophage	M	Lymphoid precursor	C/EBPα, PU.1	85
	Macrophage	M	β-cell	C/EBPα	86
	Multilineage blood progenitors	H	Fibroblast	OCT4, Cytokines	87
	Myocyte	M	Fibroblast	MyoD	51
Endoderm	Hepatocyte	M	Fibroblast	Hnf4α, Foxa1, Foxa2, or Foxa3	79
	Hepatocyte-like cell	M	Fibroblast	Gata4, Hnf1α, Foxa3, and inactivation of p19 (Arf)	80
	β-cell	M	Adult pancreatic exocrine cell	Ngn3, Pdx1, Mafa	80
Ectoderm	Dopaminergic neurons	H, M	Fibroblast	ASCL1, NR4A2, LMX1A	88
	Dopaminergic neurons	H	Fibroblast	ASCL1, BRN2, MYT1L, LMX1A, FOXA2	89
	Functional neuron-like cells	H	Fibroblast	ASCL1, NGN2, small molecule	90
	Functional spinal motor neuron	H, M	Fibroblast	Hb9, ISL1, LHX3, ASCL1, BRN2, MYT1L	91
	Neuron	M	Embryonic fibroblast	Ascl1, Brn2, Myt1l	92
	Neuron	H	Fibroblast	ASCL1, BRN2, MYT1L, NEUROD1	93
	Neuron	H	Fibroblast	MYT1L, BRN2, miR-124 in differentiation medium	94
	Neuron	H	Fibroblast	ASCL1, MYT1L, miR-9/9*, miR-124	95
	Neuronal cell	H	Fibroblast	ASCL1, BRN2, MYT1L, OLIG2, ZIC1	96
	Tripotent neural progenitor	M	Fibroblast	Brn2, Sox2, FoxG1	97

H, Human; M, Mouse.