Table 1.
Characteristic | Work Reinforcement (n=30) | Methadone & Work Reinforcement (n=35) | Abstinence, Methadone, & Work Reinforcement (n=33) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 44 (9) | 44 (10) | 44 (9) |
Female, % | 33 | 23 | 45 |
Black/white/other, % | 63/33/3 | 71/29/0 | 73/27/0 |
Married, % | 37 | 17 | 27 |
High school diploma or GED, % | 57 | 51 | 61 |
HIV positive, % | 3 | 6 | 6 |
Injection drug use, past 30 days, % | |||
Injected speedball | 67 | 74 | 61 |
Injected heroin | 97 | 97 | 100 |
Injected cocaine | 63 | 54 | 55 |
Past 30 days income, mean (SD), $ | |||
Employment | 4 (19) | 16 (46) | 14 (35) |
Welfare | 104 (143) | 119 (133) | 130 (149) |
Pension, benefits, social security | 56 (223) | 57 (189) | 70 (229) |
Mate, family, friends | 213 (414) | 183 (410) | 142 (293) |
Illegal | 963 (1343) | 1028 (1598) | 494 (846) |
Living in poverty, % | 97 | 100 | 97 |
Opioid dependent, % | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Cocaine dependent, % | 80 | 74 | 55 |
Days used, past 30 days, mean (SD) | |||
Heroin | 30 (1) | 30 (1) | 29 (2) |
Cocaine* | 19 (13) | 13 (12) | 10 (11) |
$ spent on drugs, mean (SD), past 30 days | 1355 (1316) | 1352 (1304) | 785 (903) |
Currently on parole/probation, % | 20 | 23 | 15 |
Lifetime felony conviction, % | 83 | 89 | 85 |
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, mean (SD) | 18 (6) | 18 (4) | 18 (4) |
Any Prior treatment, % | 72 | 74 | 76 |
Desire methadone treatment, % | |||
Yes | 80 | 94 | 94 |
No | 3 | 3 | 0 |
Unsure | 17 | 3 | 6 |
WRAT4 Grade levels, mean (SD) | |||
Reading | 9 (3) | 9 (4) | 7 (3) |
Spelling | 7 (3) | 8 (4) | 7 (4) |
Arithmetic | 6 (2) | 7 (3) | 6 (3) |
Note. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ranges from 0-30. Higher values indicate more self-esteem.
Significant at the p < .05 level. The study was conducted in Baltimore, MD from December 2008 to December 2012.