Table 1.
Participant characteristics at intake.
| Characteristic | Work Reinforcement (n=30) | Methadone & Work Reinforcement (n=35) | Abstinence, Methadone, & Work Reinforcement (n=33) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 44 (9) | 44 (10) | 44 (9) |
| Female, % | 33 | 23 | 45 |
| Black/white/other, % | 63/33/3 | 71/29/0 | 73/27/0 |
| Married, % | 37 | 17 | 27 |
| High school diploma or GED, % | 57 | 51 | 61 |
| HIV positive, % | 3 | 6 | 6 |
| Injection drug use, past 30 days, % | |||
| Injected speedball | 67 | 74 | 61 |
| Injected heroin | 97 | 97 | 100 |
| Injected cocaine | 63 | 54 | 55 |
| Past 30 days income, mean (SD), $ | |||
| Employment | 4 (19) | 16 (46) | 14 (35) |
| Welfare | 104 (143) | 119 (133) | 130 (149) |
| Pension, benefits, social security | 56 (223) | 57 (189) | 70 (229) |
| Mate, family, friends | 213 (414) | 183 (410) | 142 (293) |
| Illegal | 963 (1343) | 1028 (1598) | 494 (846) |
| Living in poverty, % | 97 | 100 | 97 |
| Opioid dependent, % | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Cocaine dependent, % | 80 | 74 | 55 |
| Days used, past 30 days, mean (SD) | |||
| Heroin | 30 (1) | 30 (1) | 29 (2) |
| Cocaine* | 19 (13) | 13 (12) | 10 (11) |
| $ spent on drugs, mean (SD), past 30 days | 1355 (1316) | 1352 (1304) | 785 (903) |
| Currently on parole/probation, % | 20 | 23 | 15 |
| Lifetime felony conviction, % | 83 | 89 | 85 |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, mean (SD) | 18 (6) | 18 (4) | 18 (4) |
| Any Prior treatment, % | 72 | 74 | 76 |
| Desire methadone treatment, % | |||
| Yes | 80 | 94 | 94 |
| No | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Unsure | 17 | 3 | 6 |
| WRAT4 Grade levels, mean (SD) | |||
| Reading | 9 (3) | 9 (4) | 7 (3) |
| Spelling | 7 (3) | 8 (4) | 7 (4) |
| Arithmetic | 6 (2) | 7 (3) | 6 (3) |
Note. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ranges from 0-30. Higher values indicate more self-esteem.
*
Significant at the p < .05 level. The study was conducted in Baltimore, MD from December 2008 to December 2012.