Table 2.
Methadone enrollment and opiate, cocaine, and methadone urinalysis results for participants in the Work Reinforcement (Work), Methadone & Work Reinforcement (Methadone), and Abstinence, Methadone, & Work Reinforcement (Abstinence) conditions.
| Observed condition means (%) | Work vs. Methadone | Work vs. Abstinence | Methadone vs. Abstinence | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Work | Methadone | Abstinence | p | OR(95% CI) | p | OR(95% CI) | p | OR(95% CI) | |
| Enrolled in methadone treatment | |||||||||
| Intake | 0 | 0 | 0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Randomization | 93 | 86 | 97 | 0.33 | 0.43 (0.08-2.39) | 0.51 | 2.28 (0.20-26.58) | 1.12 | 0.19 (0.02-1.69) |
| 30-day assessments | 81 | 82 | 88 | 0.60 | 1.40 (0.40-4.83) | 0.88 | 1.10 (0.32-3.73) | 0.64 | 1.27 (0.36-4.46) |
| 6-month follow-up | 67 | 77 | 66 | 0.42 | 1.64 (0.50-5.45) | 0.94 | 0.96 (0.31-2.92) | 0.57 | 1.72 (0.56-5.24) |
| Methadone positive | |||||||||
| Intake | 13 | 23 | 27 | 0.34 | 1.62 (0.60-4.34) | 0.15 | 2.05 (0.78-5.39) | 0.56 | 0.79 (0.26-2.36) |
| Randomization | 93 | 91 | 94 | 0.77 | 0.76 (0.12-4.89) | 0.93 | 1.11 (0.15-8.39) | 0.95 | 0.69 (0.11-4.45) |
| 30-day assessments | 90 | 84 | 89 | 0.45 | 0.53 (0.10-2.77) | 0.40 | 0.49 (0.09-2.59) | 0.69 | 1.28 (0.41-4.00) |
| 6-month follow-up | 71 | 77 | 72 | 0.63 | 1.35 (0.40-4.59) | 0.93 | 1.05 (0.33-3.39) | 0.58 | 1.08 (0.28-4.19) |
| Opiate negative | |||||||||
| Intake | 0 | 0 | 0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Randomization | 53 | 51 | 52 | 0.88 | 1.08 (0.41-2.87) | 0.89 | 1.08 (0.40-2.90) | 0.99 | 1.00 (0.38-2.58) |
| 30-day assessments | 54 | 61 | 75 | 0.39 | 0.73 (0.34-1.57) | 0.02* | 0.39 (0.38-0.41) | 0.10 | 1.86 (1.53-2.26) |
| 6-month follow-up | 63 | 57 | 52 | 0.61 | 1.30 (0.39-4.30) | 0.35 | 1.63 (0.83-3.21) | 0.64 | 0.79 (0.23-2.80) |
| Cocaine negative | |||||||||
| Intake | 27 | 23 | 27 | 0.72 | 1.23 (0.40-3.80) | 0.96 | 0.97 (0.32-2.96) | 0.68 | 1.27 (0.42-3.80) |
| Randomization | 40 | 43 | 36 | 0.82 | 0.89 (0.33-2.39) | 0.77 | 1.17 (0.42-3.23) | 0.59 | 1.31(0.49-3.48) |
| 30-day assessments | 32 | 55 | 57 | 0.02* | 0.39 (0.38-0.41) | 0.02* | 0.37 (0.36-0.38) | 0.85 | 1.07 (0.20-5.66) |
| 6-month follow-up | 43 | 43 | 42 | 0.97 | 1.02 (0.15-6.82) | 0.94 | 1.04 (0.16-6.60) | 0.97 | 0.98 (0.15-6.57) |
| Opiate & cocaine negative | |||||||||
| Intake | 0 | 0 | 0 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Randomization | 33 | 31 | 24 | 0.87 | 1.09 (0.38-2.09) | 0.43 | 1.56 (0.52-4.69) | 0.51 | 1.43 (0.49-4.17) |
| 30-day assessments | 27 | 44 | 52 | 0.05* | 0.47 (0.43-0.52) | 0.01* | 0.35 (0.35-0.36) | 0.41 | 1.34 (0.60-2.97) |
| 6-month follow-up | 43 | 37 | 30 | 0.61 | 1.30 (0.39-4.30) | 0.29 | 1.75 (1.00-3.06) | 0.55 | 0.73 (0.25-2.16) |
| Assessments collected | |||||||||
| Intake | 100 | 100 | 100 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Randomization | 100 | 100 | 100 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 30-day assessments | 89 | 94 | 97 | 0.27 | 1.87 (0.62-5.71) | 0.06 | 3.88 (0.94-16.06) | 0.77 | 0.48 (0.11-2.18) |
| 6-month follow-up | 80 | 83 | 97 | 0.77 | 1.21 (0.34-4.23) | 0.06 | 8.00 (0.90-70.93) | 0.11 | 0.15 (0.12-0.19) |
Note. All missing samples were considered positive. Bold values indicate statistical significance. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between conditions in analyses adjusted for the three stratification variables (i.e., enrolled in methadone treatment, greater than 50% cocaine negative urine samples, and interested in methadone treatment). The study was conducted in Baltimore, MD from December 2008 to December 2012.