Table 4.
Logistic regression-based Attributable Fraction (AF), Stratum-specific Total Attributable Fraction (sTAF) and overall Total Attributable Fraction (TAF) of not attending any antenatal visit, insufficient antenatal visit (<4 visits) and lack of skilled attendant at birth in each stratum from 1988 to 2008 presented in 5 years intervals
| No antenatal care visit | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | |
| AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | |
| Residence * | |||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Rural | 0.73 (0.68) | 0.52 (0.47) | 0.62 (0.59) | 0.44 (0.39) | |
| TAF | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.39 | |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.001 | 0.211 | |
| Highest educational level * | |||||
| No education | 0.94 (0.68) | 0.92 (0.70) | - | 0.41 (0.21) | |
| Basic education | 0.76 (0.20) | 0.77 (0.18) | 0.16 (0.08) | ||
| Secondary+ | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| TAF | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.29 | ||
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.439 | ||
| Income level * | |||||
| Low income | No data | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.47 (0.39) | 0.68 (0.54) | |
| Average income | - | 0.23 (0.03) | 0.47 (0.06) | ||
| High income | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| TAF | 0.09 | 0.42 | 0.60 | ||
| p-value | 0.455 | 0.095 | 0.056 | ||
| Parity* | |||||
| Nulliparous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Para 1-3 | 0.38 (0.19) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.67 (0.32) | |
| Para 4+ | 0.38 (0.14) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.50 (0.24) | 0.82 (0.36) | |
| TAF | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.68 | |
| p-value | 0.151 | 0.832 | 0.026 | 0.007 | |
| Less than four antenatal visits | |||||
| 1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | |
| AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | |
| Residence * | |||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Rural | 0.71 (0.62) | 0.57 (0.50) | 0.58 (0.52) | 0.33 (0.28) | |
| TAF | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.28 | |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.013 | |
| Highest educational level * | |||||
| No education | 0.90 (0.50) | 0.90 (0.52) | 0.77 (0.47) | 0.55 (0.28) | |
| Basic education | 0.77 (0.34) | 0.82 (0.33) | 0.62 (0.23) | 0.33 (0.16) | |
| Secondary+ | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| TAF | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.70 | 0.44 | |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.006 | |
| Income level * | |||||
| Low income | No data | 0.33 (0.18) | 0.57 (0.40) | 0.71 (0.52) | |
| Average income | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.57 (0.11) | 0.64 (0.10) | ||
| High income | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| TAF | 0.22 | 0.51 | 0.62 | ||
| p-value | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Parity* | |||||
| Nulliparous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Para 1-3 | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.33 (0.15) | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.44 (0.21) | |
| Para 4+ | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.50 (0.19) | 0.57 (0.23) | 0.71 (0.26) | |
| TAF | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.47 | |
| p-value | 0.423 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Lacked skilled attendant at birth | |||||
| 1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | |
| AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | AF (sTAF) | |
| Residence * | |||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 0.77 (0.66) | 0.88 (0.80) | 0.77 (0.70) | 0.66 (0.59) | 0.58 (0.50) |
| TAF | 0.66 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.59 | 0.50 |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Highest educational level * | |||||
| No education | 0.80 (0.44) | 0.85 (0.46) | 0.85 (0.51) | 0.84 (0.49) | 0.73 (0.38) |
| Basic education | 0.55 (0.23) | 0.55 (0.24) | 0.62 (0.24) | 0.68 (0.26) | 0.47 (0.22) |
| Secondary+ | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| TAF | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.60 |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Income level * | No data | ||||
| Low income | 0.41 (0.20) | 0.41 (0.20) | 0.77 (0.57) | 0.77 (0.59) | |
| Average income | 0.23 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.63 (0.11) | 0.52 (0.07) | |
| High income | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| TAF | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.68 | 0.66 | |
| p-value | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| Parity* | |||||
| Nulliparous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Para 1-3 | 0.38 (0.17) | 0.44 (0.22) | 0.47 (0.21) | 0.44 (0.20) | 0.44 (0.16) |
| Para 4+ | 0.38 (0.15) | 0.50 (0.17) | 0.71 (0.28) | 0.62 (0.24) | 0.62 (0.20) |
| TAF | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.36 |
| p-value | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
*Mutually adjusted for one another, age, marital status, and the clustering at individual and household levels.