Table 1. Characteristics of studies.
| Age, Years (SD) | Female (%) | PEDro scale | Intervention | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 items* Sum | Experimental group | Control group | Treatment duration | |||
| Yoo, 2012.21) | 20.3 (0.6) |
1010001011 5 | 1. Sling exercise (n=15) (body stretch, standing, pushing the upper body while seated, strengthening abdomen while standing, lying on the front, lying on the back) |
1. General exercise (n=15) (preparatory exercise, belly blaster, cobra, butterfly, 3-stage pelvis stability exercise, hamstring stretch, folding knees to the chest, twisting the spine while lying down, abdominal breathing, cross extension, cobra) final abdominal breathing |
3 days a week for 4 weeks | |
| Schröder, 2012.20) | 70.4 (5.1) |
40 (90.9) |
1110001011 6 | 1. Sling exercise (n=25) Phase 1:step aerobics, Phase 2: functional strength exercises focusing on correct posture, Phase 3: functional strength exercises for global surface muscles of the torso and dynamic sling, Phase 4: segmental stabilization, both static and dynamic (sling), Phase 5: stretching and relaxation |
1. General exercise (n=25) (Phase 1: general keep-fit exercises, Phase 2: functional strength exercises focusing on correct posture, Phase 3: functional strength exercises for global surface muscles of the torso, Phase 4: segmental stabilization, both static and dynamic(exercise/medical ball), Phase 5: stretching and relaxation) |
2 days a week for 12 weeks |
| Ljunggren, 1997.22) | 39.6 (10.0) |
56 (44.4) |
1110000011 5 | 1. Sling exercise (n=62) (lateral mobilization of the lower back, strengthening exercise for the lower back, strengthening exercise for the oblique abdominals and the lower back, strengthening exercise for the back muscles between the shoulder blades, strengthening exercise for the abdominal muscles of the chest region, strengthening exercise for the inner thighs, strengthening exercise for the abdominal muscles, applying traction to the back strengthening exercise for the chest, shoulder and abdominal muscles |
1. General exercise (n=62) (lifting the upper body in
a hooklying position, Lifting the uppermost leg in a sidelying position, stretching the arm forwards and the opposite leg backwards while creeping, Lifting the upper body in a prone push up, lifting the feet off the floor in a prone position, standing up with the objects, trunk rotation, trunk bending) |
3 days a week for 1 year |
| Gao, 2008.23) | 36.0 (4.1) |
12 (41.4) |
1010111100 4 | 1. Sling exercise (n=15) | 1. Manipulation (n=14) | 5 days a week for 8 weeks |
| Kang, 2012.24) | 43.2 (7.5) |
13 (43.3) |
1110001111 7 | 1. Sling exercise (n=30) (sling bridging exercise) |
1. General exercise (n=30) (normal bridging exercise) 2. Ball exercise (n=30) (ball bridging exercise) |
1 day |
| Unsgaard-Tøndel, 2010.19) | 40.1 (10.7) |
76 (69.7) |
1110011011 7 | 1. Sling exercise (n=36) (back exercise in sling) |
1. Motor control exercise (n=36) (abdominal drawing-in maneuver) 2. General exercise (n=37) (general trunk strengthening and stretching exercises) |
1 day a week for 8 weeks |
| Saliba, 2010.25) | 23.1 (6.0) |
33 (64.7) |
1110011011 7 | 1. Sling exercise (n=26) (sling bridging exercise) |
1. General exercise (n=25) (general bridging exercise) |
1 day |
*Ten items of PEDro scale: (1) randomization was performed; (2) allocation was concealed; (3) group baseline was similar; (4) patient was blinded; (5) therapist was blinded; (6) assessor was blinded; (7) dropout rate was under 15%; (8) intention-to-treat analysis was performed; (9) two groups were compared by statistical analysis; and (10) point measures and variability were reported.