Table 1.

Phage display in vaccine discovery

Strategy	Phage (carrier)	Vector (target)	Epitope/mimotope/gene	Vaccination	Results	Ref.
Display of immunogens on phage particles	T7 (10B)	T7 Select 415-B	“a” determinant of HBsAg (residues 111-156)	Rabbit (subcutaneous) Freund’s complete adjuvant	Anti-HBsAg antibody induced	Tan et al[78]
	M13 (pVIII)	pC89 with helper phage VASM13	HBsAg28-39	Mice (intradermal and intraperitoneal) no adjuvant added	MHC class I restricted HBsAg specific CTL response	Wan et al[40]
	M13 (pIII)	pCANTAB5E with helper phage M13KO7	PreS1	NA	NA	Kok et al[41]
	M13 (pIII)	pCANTAB5E with helper phage M13KO7	HBcAg	Mice (intraperitoneal) incomplete Freund’s adjuvant	Anti-HBcAg antibody induced	Bahadir et al[42]
Identification of epitope or mimotope mimics	M13 nonapeptide library (pVIII)	(Selected from HBV-infected sera)	Φ13 CRTCAHPGEHA Φ17 CIPFYLSAPQC Φ30 CGPFFLSPTSC Φ41 CGPFFLAASVC	Mice (intraperitoneal) no adjuvant added	Anti-HBsAg antibody induced	Folgori et al[54]
	M13 (pVIII and pIII)	(Selected from HBV-infected sera)	Φ13, Φ35 (CVTCDTPPTY) ΦIII/17, ΦIII41 and ΦpIII/13	Mice (intranasal/oral) cholera toxin as adjuvant	Anti-HBsAg antibody induced	Delmastro et al[56]
Phage-delivered DNA vaccine	λ	λ-gt11	HBsAg gene	Mice (subcutaneous)	Anti-HBsAg antibody induced	Clark et al[59]
	λ	λ-gt11	HBsAg gene	Rabbits (Intramuscular)	Anti-HBsAg antibody induced	Clark et al[61]

NA: Not applicable; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; HBcAg: Hepatitis B core antigen; CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte.