Table 4.
Effects of serum-derived immunoglobulin/protein isolates administration on immune and inflammatory markers
| Species | Model/indication | Impact of dietary supplementation with SBI | Ref. |
| Pig | ETEC K88 | Reduced expression of TNF-α and IL-8 in the gut | Bosi et al[44] |
| Postweaning | Reduced TNF-α in the colon | Peace et al[46] | |
| Reduced IFNγ levels in the ileum and colon day 7, but not day 14 post weaning | |||
| Rat | SEB | Prevented the SEB-induced increase in IFN-γ, IL-6, and LTB4 in Peyer's patches and in the mucosa | Pérez-Bosque et al[69] |
| Increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and mature TGF-β) in intestinal mucosa | Pérez-Bosque et al[68] | ||
| Reduced SEB-induced increase in cytotoxic lymphocyte populations of γδ-T cells, natural killer cells, and the number of activated T lymphocytes in lamina propria. | |||
| Mouse | Mdr1-/- knockout mouse model of spontaneous colitis | Reduced the percentage of activated Th lymphocytes | Moretó et al[48] |
| Reduced INF-γ and TNF-α expression in the colon | |||
| Significantly reduced the expression of cytokines IL-2 and IL-17, chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1b, and iNOS in the mucosa | |||
| Mouse | 2% DSS-induced IBD model | Reduced elevation of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and KC | Jiang et al[67] |
| Human (HIV+ adults) | HIV enteropathy | I-FABP fell below baseline in 4/5 patients who continued receiving SBI (P < 0.12) out to 48 wk | Asmuth et al[31] |
| MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in subjects were significantly lower than controls at baseline (P < 0.007) | |||
| MCP-1 levels decreased in 5/5 patients who continued receiving SBI (P < 0.06) out to 48 wk |
ETEC K88: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, K88 strain; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL: Interleukin; SEB: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B; IFNγ: Interferon-γ; LTB4: Leukotriene B4; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β; MCP 1: Monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP-1b: Macrophage inflammatory protein; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; KC: Keratinocyte-derived cytokine; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; I-FABP: Intestinal-fatty acid binding protein; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinas-9; TIMP: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.