Table 4.
Risk Factors of Early Deaths (Cox Model)
| Risk Factor | No. of Patients | Deaths, No. (%) | Crude HR on Univariate Analysis (95% CI) | P Value | Adjusted HR on Multivariate Analysis (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment group | .13 | |||||
| Early ART | 332 | 37 (11.1) | 1 | |||
| Late ART | 329 | 50 (15.2) | 1.38 (.91–2.11) | |||
| Sex | .38 | |||||
| Male | 425 | 52 (12.2) | 1 | |||
| Female | 236 | 35 (14.8) | 1.21 (.79–1.86) | |||
| Age at inclusion, y | .04 | .003 | ||||
| ≤29 | 151 | 13 (8.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 30–39 | 292 | 36 (12.3) | 1.49 (.79–2.80) | 1.71 (.90–3.24) | ||
| ≥40 | 218 | 38 (17.4) | 2.13 (1.13–3.99) | 2.83 (1.49–5.36) | ||
| BMI at inclusion, kg/m2 | .003 | .02 | ||||
| ≤16.0 | 243 | 47 (19.3) | 2.72 (1.44–5.12) | 2.32 (1.21–4.44) | ||
| 16.1–17.0 | 128 | 14 (10.9) | 1.45 (.67–3.13) | 1.34 (.62–2.92) | ||
| 17.1–18.5 | 135 | 14 (10.4) | 1.36 (.63–2.94) | 1.25 (.57–2.71) | ||
| >18.5 | 155 | 12 (7.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| CD4 at inclusion, cells/µL | .005 | |||||
| ≤25 | 335 | 58 (17.3) | 3.67 (1.33–10.12) | |||
| 26–50 | 140 | 15 (10.7) | 2.16 (.72–6.51) | |||
| 51–100 | 107 | 10 (9.3) | 1.88 (.59–6.01) | |||
| 101–200 | 79 | 4 (5.1) | 1 | |||
| Hemoglobin at inclusion, g/dL | .001 | .01 | ||||
| ≤7.0 | 165 | 37 (22.4) | 3.45 (1.86–6.38) | 2.48 (1.31–4.72) | ||
| 7.1–10.0 | 301 | 36 (12.0) | 1.72 (.93–3.18) | 1.47 (.79–2.75) | ||
| >10.0 | 195 | 14 (7.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mycobacterial disease pattern | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| Pulmonary | 442 | 42 (9.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Extrapulmonary | 82 | 10 (12.2) | 1.31 (.66–2.62) | 1.21 (.60–2.41) | ||
| Disseminateda | 121 | 30 (24.8) | 2.86 (1.79–4.57) | 2.47 (1.53–4.00) | ||
| Nontuberculous mycobacteria | 16 | 5 (31.2) | 3.93 (1.55–9.93) | 3.46 (1.36–8.86) | ||
| Drug-resistant tuberculosis at inclusion | .23 | |||||
| No | 541 | 69 (12.7) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 107 | 14 (13.1) | 1.01 (.57–1.79) | |||
| Multidrug resistanceb | 13 | 4 (30.8) | 2.77 (1.01–7.59) | |||
| Inadequate tuberculosis therapyc,d | .02 | .03 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 2.25 (1.22–4.17) | 1.96 (1.06–3.63) | ||||
| Chest radiograph at inclusion | .15 | |||||
| Normal | 127 | 18 (14.2) | 1 | |||
| Cavitary pattern | 436 | 58 (13.3) | 0.95 (.56–1.62) | |||
| Abnormal without cavity | 97 | 10 (13.3) | 0.72 (.30–1.57) | |||
| Missing | 1 | 1 (100.0) | 23.10 (3.01–177.54) | |||
| Occurrence of TB-IRISd | .61 | |||||
| No | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 0.84 (.41–1.71) |
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; TB-IRIS, paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
a Disseminated tuberculosis was defined as pulmonary tuberculosis associated with any type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
b Multidrug resistance was defined as resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin.
c Interruption of effective antituberculosis drugs for >3 consecutive days, whatever the reason, or ineffective tuberculosis drugs received before the drug-susceptibility testing results for >3 consecutive days.
d Time-dependent factor.