Figure 2.

Molecular interactions of LGG with intestinal epithelial cells. LTA as a MAMP interacts with TLR2-6, activating NF-κ signaling [43]. Secreted protein Msp2/p40 induces release of HB-EGF that causes phosphorylation of EGF-R, activating downstream protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) -Akt signaling [51,53,54]. A recent human duodenal transcriptome study indicates that JUN and STAT4 transcription factors play a central role in downstream signaling after consumption of LGG, leading to mainly T_H1 cytokine production and activating pathways involved in cellular growth and proliferation, wound healing, angiogenesis, interferon-mediated responses, calcium signaling and ion homeostasis [92]. Adapted from [96]