Table 3.
Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Non-Urgent Use (n=16)**
| Factors | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Age | Gender | Race | Income | Education | Employment tatus |
Insurance |
| Bond (1999)58 | Uninsured/public aid more likely (71%) than insured (53%) | ||||||
| Campbelll (1998)35 | Younger age groups (37–42%) more likely than older adults (11%) | Females (41%) more likely than males (28%) | No association | Medicaid (42%) or uninsured (44%) more likely than private insurance (25%) or Medicare (12%) | |||
| Cunningham (1995)22 | No association | No association | Blacks greater likelihood than Whites (OR: 1.68) | Lower income Greater likelihood than high income (OR: 1.38) | Lower education greater likelihood than higher education (OR: 1.03) | Medicaid greater likelihood than uninsured (OR: 1.47) Medicare greater likelihood than uninsured (OR: 1.61) | |
| Davis (2010)43 | Adults age 18–49 greater likelihood than older adults (OR: 5.0) | Males greater likelihood than females (OR: 1.25) | |||||
| Doty (2005)48 | Blacks (35%) more likely than Whites (20%) or Hispanics (17%) No association Whites vs. Hispanics | ||||||
| Garcia (2010)50 | No association comparing Medicaid, private insurance, and uninsured | ||||||
| Harris Interactive (2005)15 | No association | No association | No association | No association | No association | ||
| Gooding (1996)51 | Uninsured greater likelihood than HMO (OR: 1.12) Medicaid greater likelihood than uninsured (OR: 1.15) | ||||||
| Han (2003)47 | No association | No association | No association | No association | No association | ||
| Liu (1999)42 | Younger age greater likelihood than older age (OR: 1.79) | Females greater likelihood than males (OR: 1.12) | Blacks greater likelihood than hites (OR: 1.08) | Medicaid greater likelihood than private insurance (OR: 1.14) Private insurance greater Likelihood than Medicare (OR: 1.33) | |||
| Petersen (1998)44 | Adults age 16–30 greater likelihood than >60 (OR: 4.8) Adults age 31–40 greater likelihood than >60 (OR: 6.5) | Females greater likelihood than males (OR 1.3) | No association | No association | No association | ||
| Rubin (1995)49 | Higher % of the urgent group self pay (33%) vs. non-urgent group (22%) Higher % of non-urgent group commercial/HMO (38%) vs. urgent group (25%) No association between level of urgency and Medicare and Medicaid | ||||||
| Sarver (2002)46 | Females greater likelihood than males (OR: 1.44) | No association | Low income greater likelihood than higher income (OR: 1.70) | No association | |||
| Schappert (1995)45 | Adults 15–24 higher rate of non-urgent visits (26.3 visits per 100 persons per year) vs. all other age groups | No association | Blacks higher rate of non-urgent visits (31.8 visits per 100 persons per year) vs. Whites (18.3 visits per person per year) | Medicaid patients made up a larger % of all non-urgent visits (25%) as compared to urgent visits (20%) | |||
| Shesser (1991)37 | No association | Non-urgent group higher % of males (53% vs. 42%) than group of all ED patients | No association | No association | No association | Non-urgent group higher % of self-pay (23% vs.15%) and a lower % of Medicare (2% vs. 9%) than group of all ED patients No association between level of urgency and commercial insurance, HMO, and Medicaid | |
| Young (1996)39 | No association | ||||||
*
The majority of finding in the table are completed by adding the phrase “to have a non-urgent ED visit.”
**
If an article (n=16) did not contain any of the factors listed in the table, it was not included in the table.
***
Only statistically significant findings are reported (p<.05). Non-significant findings are reported as “no association.”