Table 1.

Risk factors included, exposure variables, theoretical-minimum-risk exposure distributions, and outcomes affected

	Exposure definition	Outcomes	Subgroup	Main data sources for exposure	Exposure estimation method	Theoretical- minimum-risk exposure distribution	Source of relative risks
1. Unimproved water and sanitation

1.1. Unimproved water source	Proportion of households using an unimproved water source (unprotected wells or springs, vendor-provided water, tanker trucks, surface water, and other unspecified sources)	Intestinal infectious diseases	All ages	Population surveys and censuses	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	All households use an improved water source (household connection, a public tap or standpipe, a tubewell or borehole, a protected well or spring, or rainwater collection)	New meta-analysis
1.2. Unimproved sanitation	Proportion of households using unimproved sanitation (traditional latrines, open latrines without squatting slabs, bucket latrines, hanging latrines, open defecation or no facilities, and other unspecified facilities)	Intestinal infectious diseases	All ages	Population surveys and censuses	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	All households use improved sanitation (public sewers, septic systems, flush or pour-flush facilities, ventilated improved latrines, simple pit latrines with squatting slabs, and composting toilets)	New meta-analysis

2. Air pollution

2.1. Ambient particulate matter pollution	Ambient concentration of particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2·5 µm, measured in µg/m³	Lower respiratory infections; trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers; IHD; cerebrovascular disease; COPD	Age <5 years for lower respiratory tract infection; ≥25 years for all others	Surface monitor measurements, aerosol optical depth from satellites, and TM5 global atmospheric chemistry transport model^22–26	Average of satellite and chemistry transport estimates, calibrated to surface monitor measurements	5·8–8·8 µg/m³	Integrated exposure– response curve
2.2. Household air pollution from solid fuels	Proportion of households using solid fuels for cooking (coal, wood, charcoal, dung, and agricultural residues)	Lower respiratory infections; trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers; IHD; cerebrovascular disease; COPD; cataracts	Age <5 years for lower respiratory tract infection; ≥25 years for all others	Population surveys and censuses	Mixed effect regression	All households using clean fuels for cooking (vented gas, electricity)	Integrated exposure– response curve for lower respiratory tract infection, IHD, and stroke; new meta-analysis for cataracts, COPD, and lung cancer
2.3. Ambient ozone pollution	Ambient concentrations of ozone in air, measured in parts per billion	COPD	Age ≥25 years	TM5 global atmospheric chemistry transport model^22–24	TM5 global atmospheric chemistry transport model^22–24	33·3–41·9 parts per billion	Jerrett and colleagues²⁷

3. Other environmental risks

3.1. Residential radon	Residential radon, measured in Bq/m³	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	All ages	Direct household measurements from surveys	Mixed effect regression	10 Bq/m³	Darby and colleagues²⁸
3.2. Lead exposure	Blood lead (measured in µg/dL) and bone lead (measured in µg/g)	Intellectual disability; systolic blood pressure, which has effects on: RHD; IHD; ischaemic stroke; haemorrhagic and other non-ischaemic stroke; HHD; aortic aneurysm; the aggregate of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis and endocarditis; the aggregate of atrial fibrillation and flutter, PVD, other CVD; CKD	<15 years for intellectual disability; ≥25 years for all others	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	DisMod 3	Bone lead level expected from age- specific cumulative exposure to blood lead of 0·09652 µmol/L²⁹	Lanphear and colleagues,³⁰ Navas-Acien and colleagues³¹

4. Child and maternal undernutrition

4.1. Suboptimal breastfeeding
4.1.1. Non- exclusive breastfeeding	Proportion of children younger than 6 months with predominant, partial, or no breastfeeding	Intestinal infectious diseases; the aggregate of lower respiratory infections, upper respiratory infections, and otitis media	Age 0–5 months	Population surveys	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	All children exclusively breastfed for first 6 months	Lamberti and colleagues,³² Black and colleagues¹⁰
4.1.2. Discontinued breastfeeding	Proportion of children aged 6–23 months with discontinued breastfeeding	Intestinal infectious diseases	Age 6–23 months	Population surveys	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	Continued breastfeeding until 2 years	Lamberti and colleagues,³² Black and colleagues¹⁰
4.2. Childhood underweight	Proportion of children less than −3 SDs, −3 to −2 SDs, and −2 to −1 SDs of the WHO 2006 standard weight-for-age curve	Intestinal infectious diseases; measles; malaria; the aggregate of lower respiratory infections, upper respiratory infections, and otitis media; protein–energy malnutrition	Age <5 years	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	Proportion of the WHO 2006 reference population in each SD range	Black and colleagues¹⁰
4.3. Iron deficiency	Haemoglobin, measure in g/L	The aggregate of maternal haemorrhage and maternal sepsis; iron-deficiency anaemia	All ages	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	Mixed effect regression	Country-specific	Stoltzfus and colleagues³³
4.4. Vitamin A deficiency	Proportion of children with serum retinol concentration <70 µmol/L	Intestinal infectious diseases; measles; vitamin A deficiency	Age 6 months to 5 years	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	DisMod 3	No childhood vitamin A deficiency	Imdad and colleagues,^34,35 adjusted for background prevalence
4.5. Zinc deficiency	Proportion of the population with inadequate zinc intake based on estimated mean daily amount of absorbable zinc per head in the food supply compared with mean physiological requirements	Intestinal infectious diseases; lower respiratory infections	Age 1–4 years	Food and Agricultural Organization food balance sheets	Mixed effect regression	No inadequate zinc intake	Yakoob and colleagues,³⁶ adjusted for background prevalence

5. Tobacco smoking, including second-hand smoke

5.1. Tobacco smoking	Smoking impact ratio for cancers and chronic respiratory disease, 10-year lagged tobacco smoking prevalence for all other causes including cardiovascular diseases	Tuberculosis; oesophageal cancer; nasopharynx cancer; pancreatic cancer; kidney and other urinary organ cancers; bladder cancer; stomach cancer; leukaemia; liver cancer; trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers; cervical cancer; colon and rectal cancer; mouth cancer; diabetes mellitus; IHD; cerebrovascular disease; the aggregate of HHD, atrial fibrillation and flutter, aortic aneurysm, PVD, and other CVD; COPD; the aggregate of pneumoconiosis, asthma, other interstitial lung disease, and other chronic respiratory diseases	Age ≥25 years	Mortality data including vital registration, verbal autopsy, and population surveys for smoking prevalence	CoDEM³⁷	No tobacco smoking	Re-analysis of the Cancer Prevention Study 2^38–40
5.2. Second- hand smoke	Proportion of children and non-smoking adults reporting exposure to second-hand smoke	The aggregate of lower respiratory infections, upper respiratory infections, and otitis media; trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers; IHD; cerebrovascular disease	Age <5 years for the aggregate of lower respiratory infections, upper respiratory infections, and otitis media, age ≥25 years for all others	Population surveys	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No second-hand smoke exposure	US Department of Health and Human Services,⁴¹ Oono and colleagues,⁴² Jones and colleagues^43,44

6. Alcohol and drug use

6.1. Alcohol use	Average consumption of pure alcohol (measure in g/day) and proportion of the population reporting binge consumption of 0·06 kg or more of pure alcohol on a single occasion	Tuberculosis; lower respiratory infections; oesophageal cancer; the aggregate of mouth cancer, nasopharynx cancer, cancer of other part of pharynx and oropharynx; liver cancer; larynx cancer; breast cancer; colon and rectum cancers; diabetes mellitus; IHD; ischaemic stroke; haemorrhagic and other non- ischaemic stroke; HHD; atrial fibrillation and flutter; cirrhosis of the liver; pancreatitis; epilepsy; transport injuries; the aggregate of falls, drowning, fire, heat, and hot substances, poisonings, exposure to mechanical forces, intentional self-harm, and interpersonal violence; alcohol use disorders	All ages for alcohol use disorders, transport injuries, and interpersonal violence; ≥15 years for all others	Population surveys, alcohol sales, production, and other economic statistics	Mixed effect regression⁴⁵	No alcohol consumption	Published studies^46–59
6.2. Drug use	Proportion of the population reporting use of cannabis, opioids, and amphetamines, proportion of the population reporting use of injecting drugs	Drug use disorders; schizophrenia; HIV/AIDS; the aggregate of acute hepatitis B, liver cancer secondary to hepatitis B, and cirrhosis of the liver secondary to hepatitis B; the aggregate of acute hepatitis C, liver cancer secondary to hepatitis C, and cirrhosis of the liver secondary to hepatitis C; intentional self-harm	All ages	Population surveys, registries, and indirect measures	DisMod 3	No use of cannabis, opioid, or amphetamines, no use of injecting drugs	New meta- analyses, published studies^60,61

7. Physiological risk factors

7.1. High fasting plasma glucose	Fasting plasma glucose, measured in mmol/L	Diabetes mellitus; IHD; cerebrovascular disease; CKD; tuberculosis	Age ≥25 years	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	Bayesian hierarchical regression⁶²	Mean 4·9–5·3 mmol/L (SD 0·3 mmol/L)	Meta- regression of pooled prospective studies^63–66
7.2. High total cholesterol	Total cholesterol, measured in mmol/L	IHD; ischaemic stroke	Age ≥25 years	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	Bayesian hierarchical regression⁶⁷	Mean 3·8–4·0 mmol/L (SD 0·9 mmol/L)	Meta- regression of pooled prospective studies^68,69
7.3. High blood pressure	Systolic blood pressure, measured in mm Hg	RHD; IHD; ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic and other non- ischaemic stroke; HHD; the aggregate of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis and endocarditis; the aggregate of atrial fibrillation and flutter, PVD, and other CVD; aortic aneurysm; CKD	Age ≥25 years	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	Bayesian hierarchical regression⁷⁰	Mean 110–115 mm Hg (SD 6 mm Hg)	Meta- regression of pooled prospective studies^71–73
7.4. High body- mass index	Body-mass index, measured in kg/m²	Oesophageal cancer; gallbladder and biliary tract cancer; pancreatic cancer; kidney and other urinary organ cancers; breast cancer; uterine cancer; colon and rectum cancers; diabetes mellitus; IHD; ischaemic stroke; HHD; the aggregate of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis and endocarditis; the aggregate of atrial fibrillation and flutter, PVD, and other CVD; CKD; osteoarthritis; low back pain	Age ≥25 years	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	Bayesian hierarchical regression⁷⁴	Mean 21·0–23·0 kg/m² (SD 1 kg/m²)	Meta- regression of pooled prospective studies^75–78
7.5. Low bone mineral density	Standardised bone mineral density measured at the femoral neck	Hip fracture falls; non-hip fracture falls	Age ≥50 years	Examination surveys and epidemiological studies	DisMod 3	90th percentile of NHANES-III cohort⁷⁹ by age	Johnell and colleagues⁸⁰

8. Dietery risk factors and physical inactivity

8.1. Diet low in fruits	Dietary intake of fruits (fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, or dried but excluding fruit juices and salted or pickled fruits)	The aggregate of oesophageal cancer, mouth cancer, the aggregate of nasopharynx cancer, cancer of other part of pharynx and oropharynx, and larynx cancer; trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers; IHD; ischaemic stroke; haemorrhagic and other non-ischaemic stroke	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean 300 g/day (SD 30 g/day)	New meta- analysis, published studies^81,82
8.2. Diet low in vegetables	Dietary intake of vegetables (fresh, frozen, cooked, canned, or dried vegetables including legumes but excluding salted or pickled, juices, nuts and seeds, and starchy vegetables such as potatoes or corn)	The aggregate of mouth cancer, nasopharynx cancer, cancer of other part of pharynx and oropharynx, and larynx cancer; IHD; ischaemic stroke; haemorrhagic and other non-ischaemic stroke	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean 400 g/day (SD 30 g/day)	New meta- analysis, He and colleagues⁸¹
8.3. Diet low in whole grains	Dietary intake of whole grains (bran, germ, and endosperm in their natural proportions) from breakfast cereals, bread, rice, pasta, biscuits, muffins, tortillas, pancakes, and others	Diabetes mellitus; IHD; cerebrovascular disease	Age ≥25 year	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean 125 g/day (SD 12·5 g/day)	Mellen and colleagues,⁸³ de Munter and colleagues⁸⁴
8.4. Diet low in nuts and seeds	Dietary intake of nut and seed foods including, for example, peanut butter	IHD	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean 114 g per week (SD 11·4 g per week)	Kelly and colleagues⁸⁵
8.5. Diet low in milk	Dietary intake of milk including non-fat, low-fat, and full-fat milk but excluding soya milk and other plant derivatives	Colon and rectum cancers	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean 450 g/day (SD 45 g/day)	World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research⁸²
8.6. Diet high in red meat	Dietary intake of red meat (beef, pork, lamb, and goat but excluding poultry, fish, eggs, and all processed meats)	Colon and rectum cancers; diabetes mellitus	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean 100 g per week (SD 10 g per week)	World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research,⁸² published studies^86,87
8.7. Diet high in processed meat	Dietary intake of meat preserved by smoking, curing, salting, or addition of chemical preservatives, including bacon, salami, sausages, or deli or luncheon meats like ham, turkey, and pastrami	Colon and rectum cancers; diabetes mellitus; IHD	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	No dietary intake of processed meat	World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research,⁸² Micha and colleagues⁸⁷
8.8. Diet high in sugar- sweetened beverages	Dietary intake of beverages with ≥50 kcal per 226·8 g serving, including carbonated beverages, sodas, energy drinks, fruit drinks but excluding 100% fruit and vegetable juices	Diabetes mellitus and body-mass index with subsequent effects on: oesophageal cancer; gallbladder and biliary tract cancer; pancreatic cancer; kidney and other urinary organ cancers; breast cancer; uterine cancer; colon and rectum cancers; diabetes mellitus; IHD; ischaemic stroke; HHD; the aggregate of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis and endocarditis; the aggregate of atrial fibrillation and flutter, PVD, and other CVD; CKD; osteoarthritis; low back pain	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	No dietary intake of sugar-sweetened beverages	New meta- analysis
8.9. Diet low in fibre	Dietary intake of fibre from all sources including fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, and pulses	Colon and rectum cancers; IHD	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean of 30 g/day (SD 3 g/day)	World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research,⁸² Pereira and colleagues⁸⁸
8.10. Diet low in calcium	Dietary intake of calcium from all sources, including milk, yogurt, and cheese	Colon and rectum cancers; prostate cancer	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean of 1200 mg/day (SD 120 mg/day)	World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research,⁸² Cho and colleagues⁸⁹
8.11. Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids	Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, measured in mg/day	Death caused by IHD	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	250 mg/day	Updated published review of Mozaffarian and colleagues⁹⁰
8.12. Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids	Dietary intake of omega-6 fatty acids from all sources, mainly liquid vegetable oils, including soybean oil, corn oil, and safflower oil	IHD	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Substitution of present saturated fatty acid intake up to a mean intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids of 12% of energy (SD 1·2%)	Jakobsen and colleagues,⁹¹ Mozaffarian and colleagues⁹²
8.13. Diet high in trans fatty acids	Dietary intake of trans fat from all sources, mainly partially hydrogenated vegetable oils and ruminant products	IHD	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean of 0·5% of energy (SD 0·05%)	Mozaffarian and colleagues⁹³
8.14. Diet high in sodium	24 h urinary sodium, measured in mg/day	Stomach cancer; systolic blood pressure which has effects on: RHD; IHD; ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic and other non-ischaemic stroke; HHD; the aggregate of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis and endocarditis; the aggregate of atrial fibrillation and flutter, PVD, and other CVD; aortic aneurysm; CKD	Age ≥25 years	Nutrition and health surveys	DisMod 3	Mean of 1000 mg/day (SD 100 mg/day)	Re-analysis of observational studies for stomach cancer and randomised studies for blood pressure lowering^82,94
8.15. Physical inactivity and low physical activity^*	Proportion of the population in categories of physical activity: level 0, <600 MET-minutes per week (inactive); level 1, 600–3999 MET-minutes per week (low-active); level 2, 4000– 7999 MET-minutes per week (moderately active); and level 3, ≥8000 MET-minutes per week (highly active)	Breast cancer; colon and rectum cancers; diabetes mellitus; IHD; ischaemic stroke	Age ≥25 years	Population surveys	DisMod 3	All individuals are highly active (level 3)	Danaei and colleagues¹¹

9. Occupational risk factors

9.1. Occupational carcinogens
9.1.1. Occupational exposure to asbestos	Cumulative exposure to asbestos using mesothelioma in a smoking impact ratio analogue	Ovarian cancer; other neoplasms; larynx cancer; trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Vital registration mortality data, asbestos production, import, and export statistics	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No exposure to asbestos	Published studies^95–98
9.1.2. Occupational exposure to arsenic	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Lee-Feldstein¹⁰¹
9.1.3. Occupational exposure to benzene	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Leukaemia	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Khalade and colleagues¹⁰²
9.1.4. Occupational exposure to beryllium	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Schubauer- Berigan and colleagues¹⁰³
9.1.5. Occupational exposure to cadmium	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Hutchings and colleagues⁹⁵
9.1.6. Occupational exposure to chromium	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Rosenman and colleagues¹⁰⁴
9.1.7 Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Lipsett and colleagues¹⁰⁵
9.1.8. Occupational exposure to second-hand smoke	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Stayner and colleagues¹⁰⁶
9.1.9. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Leukaemia; nasopharynx cancer	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Collins and colleagues,¹⁰⁷ Hauptmann and colleagues¹⁰⁸
9.1.10. Occupational exposure to nickel	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Grimsrud and colleagues^109,110
9.1.11. Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Armstrong and colleagues¹¹¹
9.1.12. Occupational exposure to silica	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Kurihara and colleagues¹¹²
9.1.13. Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid	Proportion of population ever exposed (by taking into account worker turnover)^99,100 based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Larynx cancer	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys, censuses, and International Information System on Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to carcinogens	Soskolne and colleagues¹¹³
9.2. Occupational asthmagens	Proportion of population exposed based on distribution of the population in eight occupational groups (professional, technical, and related workers; administrative and managerial workers; clerical and related workers; sales workers; service workers; agriculture, animal husbandry, and forestry workers, fishermen and hunters; production and related workers; and transport equipment operators and labourers)	Asthma	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys and censuses	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	Background asthmagen exposures	Published studies^114–116
9.3. Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes	Proportion of population exposed based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	COPD	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys and censuses	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	No occupational exposure to particulates, gases, or fumes	New meta- analysis
9.4. Occupational noise	Proportion of population exposed based on distribution of the population in nine industries^†	Hearing loss	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys and censuses	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	Background noise exposure	New meta- analysis
9.5. Occupational risk factors for injuries	Fatal occupational injury	‥	Age ≥15 years	International Labour Organization injury database	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	Five injury deaths per 1 000 000 person-years	‥
9.6. Occupational low back pain	Proportion of population exposed based on distribution of the population in eight occupational groups (professional, technical, and related workers; administrative and managerial workers; clerical and related workers; sales workers; service workers; agriculture, animal husbandry, and forestry workers, fishermen and hunters; production and related workers; and transport equipment operators and labourers)	Low back pain	Age ≥15 years	Labour force surveys and censuses	Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression^19–21	All individuals have the ergonomic factors of clerical and related workers	New meta- analysis

10. Sexual abuse and violence

10.1. Childhood sexual abuse^*	Proportion of the population who have ever experienced childhood sexual abuse, defined as the experience with an older person of unwanted non-contact, contact abuse, or intercourse, when aged 15 years or younger	Alcohol use disorders, unipolar depressive disorders, intentional self-harm	All ages	Population surveys and epidemiological studies	DisMod 3	No childhood sexual abuse	New meta- analysis
10.2. Intimate partner violence^*	Proportion of the population who have ever experienced one or more acts of physical or sexual violence by a present or former partner since age 15 years	Abortion, unipolar depressive disorders, intentional self-harm, interpersonal violence	Age 15–49 years for abortion, ≥15 years for all others	Population surveys and epidemiological studies	DisMod 3	No intimate partner violence	New meta- analysis, Beydoun and colleagues¹¹⁷

IHD=ischaemic heart disease. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CVD=cardiovascular and circulatory diseases. RHD=rheumatic heart disease. PVD=peripheral vascular disease. CKD=chronic kidney disease. HHD=hypertensive heart disease

Not assessed for 1990 because of absence of exposure data.

^†

Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing; mining and quarrying; wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; manufacturing; electricity, gas, and water; transport, storage, and communication; construction; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services.