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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 5.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet. 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2224–2260. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8

Table 2.

Proportion of ischaemic heart disease disability-adjusted life-years attributable to individual risk factors, worldwide, 2010

Disability-adjusted
life-years (%)
Physiological risk factors
  High blood pressure 53%
  High total cholesterol 29%
  High body-mass index 23%
  High fasting plasma glucose 16%

Alcohol use 33%

Tobacco smoking, including second-hand smoke 31%

Dietary risk factors and physical inactivity
  Diet low in nuts and seeds 40%
  Physical inactivity and low physical activity 31%
  Diet low in fruits 30%
  Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids 22%
  Diet low in whole grains 17%
  Diet high in sodium 17%
  Diet high in processed meat 13%
  Diet low in vegetables 12%
  Diet low in fibre 11%
  Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids 9%
  Diet high in trans fatty acids 9%
  Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages 2%

Air pollution
  Ambient particulate matter pollution 22%
  Household air pollution from solid fuels 18%

Other environmental risks
  Lead exposure 4%