Table 3.
Deaths attributable to risk factors and risk factor clusters, worldwide
| Men | Women | Both sexes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2010 | 1990 | 2010 | 1990 | 2010 | |
| Unimproved water and sanitation | 365 244 (18 940–662 551) | 171 097 (6841–326 262) | 350 629 (17 531–638 433) | 166 379 (6690–326 989) | 715 873 (36 817–1 279 220) | 337 476 (13 150–648 205) |
| Unimproved water source | 147 857 (10 566–282 890) | 59 463 (3880–120 264) | 140 150 (10 042–271 546) | 56 663 (3604–115 704) | 288 007 (20 641–553 293) | 116 126 (7518–233 136) |
| Unimproved sanitation | 252 779 (8032–480 822) | 123 255 (2924–242 588) | 244 207 (7348–460 913) | 120 851 (3104–242 452) | 496 986 (15 380–927 845) | 244 106 (6027–478 186) |
| Air pollution | ‥ | ‥ | ‥ | ‥ | ‥ | ‥ |
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 1 549 448 (1 345 894–1 752 880) | 1 850 428 (1 614 010–2 082 474) | 1 360 712 (1 166 992–1 559 747) | 1 373 113 (1 187 639–1 563 793) | 2 910 161 (2 546 184–3 286 508) | 3 223 540 (2 828 854–3 619 148) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 2 309 166 (1 720 246–2 824 893) | 1 900 443 (1 378 832–2 518 572) | 2 270 549 (1 889 651–2 655 411) | 1 645 956 (1 265 509–2 089 785) | 4 579 715 (3 717 711–5 365 013) | 3 546 399 (2 679 627–4 516 722) |
| Ambient ozone pollution | 77 087 (25 256–134 021) | 86 335 (30 551–153 776) | 66 274 (22 424–116 663) | 66 100 (21 362–115 225) | 143 362 (47 539–251 885) | 152 434 (52 272–267 431) |
| Other environmental risks | 109 224 (91 805–131 511) | 426 280 (341 744–541 465) | 100 699 (82 720–119 745) | 346 751 (281 555–413 370) | 209 923 (177 673–243 565) | 773 030 (640 893–929 935) |
| Residential radon | ‥ | 70 014 (9140–154 460) | ‥ | 28 978 (4098–64 387) | ‥ | 98 992 (13 133–215 237) |
| Lead exposure | 109 224 (91 805–131 511) | 356 266 (292 587–435 046) | 100 699 (82 720–119 745) | 317 772 (265 722–376 431) | 209 923 (177 673–243 565) | 674 038 (575 858–779 314) |
| Child and maternal undernutrition | 1 805 224 (1 479 043–2 219 888) | 739 863 (570 560–909 248) | 1 668 365 (1 396 689–1 986 532) | 698 442 (569 013–832 012) | 3 473 589 (2 906 896–4 175 138) | 1 438 305 (1 175 257–1 713 103) |
| Suboptimal breastfeeding | 693 103 (427 028–972 440) | 293 449 (175 623–429 772) | 581 921 (370 598–814 551) | 251 368 (155 884–359 651) | 1 275 024 (802 142–1 772 745) | 544 817 (338 453–775 077) |
| Non-exclusive breastfeeding | 612 059 (354 236–875 230) | 257 771 (143 116–382 459) | 505 849 (302 585–720 858) | 218 117 (126 383–319 470) | 1 117 908 (663 274–1 576 633) | 475 888 (272 493–684 422) |
| Discontinued breastfeeding | 81 044 (8643–178 237) | 35 678 (3475–79 940) | 76 073 (7809–165 395) | 33 251 (3091–73 804) | 157 117 (16 188–341 702) | 68 929 (6445–153 290) |
| Childhood underweight | 1 198 178 (997 627–1 484 105) | 458 639 (366 866–561 352) | 1 065 774 (898 859–1 299 715) | 401 478 (325 516–484 452) | 2 263 952 (1 927 356–2 735 821) | 860 117 (715 742–1 033 573) |
| Iron deficiency | 39 409 (30 677–47 108) | 32 287 (21 925–37 449) | 128 675 (92 036–156 884) | 87 321 (62 505–107 021) | 168 084 (130 444–197 085) | 119 608 (93 261–139 985) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | 181 151 (85 775–341 439) | 63 291 (32 070–104 030) | 168 203 (80 696–298 163) | 56 472 (28 192–91 464) | 349 354 (170 504–632 149) | 119 762 (61 723–191 846) |
| Zinc deficiency | 143 518 (27 797–276 850) | 52 390 (9382–105 728) | 132 071 (23 716–253 841) | 44 940 (7696–87 711) | 275 590 (51 274–529 451) | 97 330 (17 575–190 527) |
| Tobacco smoking (including second-hand smoke) | 3 680 571 (3 213 427–4 229 530) | 4 507 059 (3 757 779–5 092 460) | 1 649 238 (1 380 504–2 144 408) | 1 790 228 (1 278 666–2 094 260) | 5 329 808 (4 778 526–6 049 296) | 6 297 287 (5 395 769–7 006 942) |
| Tobacco smoking | 3 332 192 (2 871 957–3 840 033) | 4 251 424 (3 503 674–4 850 554) | 1 244 106 (961 356–1 781 819) | 1 443 924 (920 763–1 743 849) | 4 576 298 (4 068 753–5 312 438) | 5 695 349 (4 755 779–6 421 611) |
| Second-hand smoke | 348 378 (273 555–425 310) | 255 634 (191 587–314 541) | 405 132 (310 224–500 100) | 346 304 (252 702–439 439) | 753 510 (585 131–912 313) | 601 938 (447 705–745 328) |
| Alcohol and drug use | 2 367 579 (2 201 233–2 555 818) | 3 249 978 (3 004 655–3 488 393) | 1 394 778 (1 245 021–1 545 612) | 1 768 073 (1 588 197–1 935 072) | 3 762 356 (3 508 021–4 030 022) | 5 018 051 (4 680 954–5 321 362) |
| Alcohol use | 2 325 747 (2 153 733–2 512 207) | 3 140 109 (2 902 204–3 376 483) | 1 374 578 (1 223 155–1 522 080) | 1 720 059 (1 541 469–1 886 125) | 3 700 324 (3 451 511–3 967 436) | 4 860 168 (4 533 106–5 153 283) |
| Drug use | 46 682 (33 063–78 398) | 109 420 (82 297–152 421) | 21 895 (15 984–31 023) | 48 385 (36 780–64 303) | 68 577 (50 706–102 395) | 157 805 (124 639–209 873) |
| Physiological risk factors | ||||||
| High fasting plasma glucose | 1 051 401 (865 949–1 250 550) | 1 749 058 (1 455 169–2 039 206) | 1 052 773 (881 704–1 230 327) | 1 607 214 (1 367 465–1 839 764) | 2 104 174 (1 797 633–2 401 170) | 3 356 271 (2 917 520–3 782 483) |
| High total cholesterol | 936 749 (767 684–1 128 051) | 961 614 (714 774–1 236 023) | 1 009 172 (829 163–1 218 442) | 1 057 196 (793 595–1 350 633) | 1 945 920 (1 625 929–2 318 054) | 2 018 811 (1 572 853–2 479 097) |
| High blood pressure | 3 412 588 (3 089 548–3 769 223) | 4 750 581 (4 272 529–5 273 576) | 3 880 598 (3 559 634–4 250 099) | 4 645 279 (4 198 029–5 092 003) | 7 293 185 (6 701 203–7 859 894) | 9 395 860 (8 579 630–10 147 805) |
| High body-mass index | 887 047 (698 599–1 079 235) | 1 632 766 (1 328 501–1 941 988) | 1 076 502 (878 065–1 286 482) | 1 738 466 (1 454 008–2 036 059) | 1 963 549 (1 590 282–2 345 133) | 3 371 232 (2 817 774–3 951 127) |
| Low bone mineral density | 52 816 (43 822–69 605) | 103 440 (67 743–124 596) | 50 455 (40 408–62 110) | 84 146 (57 863–102 441) | 103 270 (90 672–124 230) | 187 586 (140 636–219 906) |
| Dietary risk factors and physical inactivity | 4 473 276 (4 110 262–4 852 556) | 6 687 621 (6 172 230–7 206 283) | 4 057 558 (3 704 325–4 431 571) | 5 815 748 (5 380 274–6 261 225) | 8 530 835 (7 907 898–9 150 862) | 12 503 370 (11 710 741–13 324 770) |
| Diet low in fruits | 2 013 415 (1 570 347–2 435 112) | 2 837 481 (2 203 651–3 414 649) | 1 653 787 (1 269 335–2 006 693) | 2 064 761 (1 593 495–2 507 876) | 3 667 202 (2 870 267–4 394 152) | 4 902 242 (3 818 356–5 881 561) |
| Diet low in vegetables | 779 747 (535 472–1 041 517) | 1 017 500 (687 787–1 378 721) | 674 309 (441 649–910 150) | 779 754 (521 285–1 040 304) | 1 454 057 (978 665–1 924 334) | 1 797 254 (1 205 059–2 394 366) |
| Diet low in whole grains | 649 676 (503 984–787 057) | 963 640 (748 116–1 162 721) | 580 600 (447 140–706 303) | 762 171 (592 879–919 709) | 1 230 276 (958 136–1 489 812) | 1 725 812 (1 342 896–2 067 224) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 1 041 726 (667 481–1 349 266) | 1 389 433 (890 869–1 817 734) | 872 483 (541 757–1 147 258) | 1 082 390 (663 158–1 441 054) | 1 914 209 (1 216 363–2 487 874) | 2 471 823 (1 559 603–3 226 994) |
| Diet low in milk | 34 838 (10 464–58 211) | 54 093 (16 106–91 527) | 33 312 (9745–57 799) | 46 858 (13 085–80 413) | 68 150 (20 479–114 435) | 100 951 (29 728–171 340) |
| Diet high in red meat | 13 888 (3859–23 763) | 21 330 (6175–37 340) | 12 551 (3425–22 054) | 16 762 (4306–29 007) | 26 439 (7374–45 232) | 38 092 (10 749–65 727) |
| Diet high in processed meat | 397 198 (85 536–688 905) | 473 562 (103 608–842 923) | 334 476 (71 692–584 050) | 367 296 (83 446–637 120) | 731 675 (158 044–1 257 423) | 840 857 (188 952–1 460 279) |
| Diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages | 100 250 (69 485–134 139) | 161 042 (111 700–219 563) | 83 548 (53 949–117 567) | 138 480 (91 257–203 236) | 183 799 (127 938–240 028) | 299 521 (212 310–403 716) |
| Diet low in fibre | 333 603 (149 007–521 712) | 441 895 (201 062–693 234) | 250 541 (111 867–394 088) | 300 994 (134 201–470 634) | 584 144 (260 065–914 729) | 742 888 (334 379–1 166 933) |
| Diet low in calcium | 48 975 (32 814–66 562) | 76 413 (51 653–103 188) | 33 330 (23 008–43 904) | 49 181 (34 016–63 592) | 82 305 (57 324–108 535) | 125 594 (88 323–164 800) |
| Diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids | 576 646 (418 376–735 746) | 793 650 (574 241–1 010 930) | 466 440 (337 205–601 988) | 596 246 (437 287–764 762) | 1 043 085 (757 418–1 327 627) | 1 389 896 (1 010 300–1 781 401) |
| Diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids | 248 677 (117 929–381 787) | 306 296 (140 873–473 149) | 199 388 (95 418–305 733) | 227 307 (108 675–350 194) | 448 065 (213 262–687 396) | 533 603 (245 096–820 854) |
| Diet high in trans fatty acids | 202 725 (144 395–260 843) | 293 087 (209 155–371 284) | 164 736 (117 395–211 588) | 222 173 (160 511–283 740) | 367 461 (265 936–467 609) | 515 260 (371 081–649 451) |
| Diet high in sodium | 1 197 713 (776 962–1 589 448) | 1 732 870 (1 122 107–2 301 781) | 1 047 642 (666 779–1 397 486) | 1 371 438 (878 780–1 834 541) | 2 245 355 (1 459 900–2 966 107) | 3 104 308 (2 016 734–4 105 019) |
| Physical inactivity and low physical activity | ‥ | 1 547 833 (1 264 464–1 835 192) | ‥ | 1 636 107 (1 369 722–1 899 182) | ‥ | 3 183 940 (2 657 204–3 718 963) |
| Occupational risk factors | 694 403 (541 113–858 435) | 749 857 (580 954–941 322) | 116 743 (74 642–164 679) | 102 250 (68 744–140 097) | 811 146 (623 674–1 010 107) | 852 107 (659 652–1 062 443) |
| Occupational carcinogens | 55 306 (37 867–80 887) | 92 154 (57 261–127 678) | 16 766 (11 866–24 842) | 25 943 (15 498–37 074) | 72 073 (50 753–101 233) | 118 097 (77 249–160 431) |
| Occupational exposure to asbestos | 17 024 (11 044–26 605) | 26 563 (14 454–36 593) | 6033 (4012–9397) | 7047 (3312–9681) | 23 057 (16 939–33 009) | 33 610 (20 317–43 647) |
| Occupational exposure to arsenic | 1155 (446–2210) | 1915 (717–3496) | 463 (176–915) | 747 (275–1402) | 1618 (622–3039) | 2662 (1011–4860) |
| Occupational exposure to benzene | 993 (426–1757) | 1542 (618–2706) | 770 (292–1422) | 1189 (434–2156) | 1764 (741–3085) | 2731 (1111–4811) |
| Occupational exposure to beryllium | 61 (24–110) | 114 (44–192) | 26 (10–47) | 49 (19–86) | 87 (35–152) | 163 (65–276) |
| Occupational exposure to cadmium | 214 (97–370) | 410 (179–670) | 74 (33–130) | 145 (62–245) | 288 (131–494) | 555 (249–901) |
| Occupational exposure to chromium | 729 (431–1133) | 1361 (720–2014) | 293 (171–490) | 570 (295–858) | 1022 (618–1578) | 1931 (1140–2799) |
| Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust | 10 979 (6241–17 555) | 18 773 (9641–28 714) | 2060 (1180–3422) | 3413 (1709–5262) | 13 040 (7494–20 486) | 22 187 (12 180–33 213) |
| Occupational exposure to second-hand smoke | 10 171 (6878–15 272) | 17 189 (10 127–23 037) | 3854 (2637–6207) | 7046 (3935–9630) | 14 025 (10 058–19 715) | 24 235 (16 094–31 803) |
| Occupational exposure to formaldehyde | 299 (117–584) | 486 (185–939) | 179 (77–325) | 245 (97–456) | 478 (202–877) | 731 (301–1361) |
| Occupational exposure to nickel | 3578 (935–7585) | 6443 (1616–13 317) | 1425 (369–3031) | 2702 (743–5679) | 5004 (1331–10 489) | 9145 (2449–18 834) |
| Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons | 1638 (772–2817) | 3092 (1394–5028) | 492 (230–864) | 993 (441–1661) | 2130 (1018–3613) | 4086 (1909–6567) |
| Occupational exposure to silica | 7870 (5154–11 902) | 14 205 (8244–19 702) | 1185 (797–1975) | 2072 (1102–2948) | 9056 (6140–13 213) | 16 277 (9875–22 272) |
| Occupational exposure to sulphuric acid | 1964 (531–4383) | 2606 (718–5761) | 193 (55–452) | 239 (74–509) | 2157 (626–4707) | 2845 (833–6109) |
| Occupational asthmagens | 31 666 (15 305–62 856) | 25 364 (15 642–48 748) | 10 485 (5116–19 129) | 8352 (4854–13 425) | 42 151 (24 425–76 872) | 33 716 (22 844–58 659) |
| Occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes | 207 366 (92 516–320 244) | 171 553 (79 656–270 369) | 68 281 (29 408–112 504) | 47 311 (20 330–77 499) | 275 647 (121 774–429 427) | 218 864 (100 403–344 633) |
| Occupational noise | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
| Occupational risk factors for injuries | 400 064 (308 482–507 787) | 460 785 (343 904–618 319) | 21 211 (16 479–27 705) | 20 644 (15 628–27 414) | 421 275 (329 209–529 004) | 481 429 (363 778–639 590) |
| Occupational low back pain | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
| Sexual abuse and violence | ‥ | 37 429 (21 366–56 607) | ‥ | 200 930 (113 070–292 802) | ‥ | 238 359 (143 200–325 690) |
| Childhood sexual abuse | ‥ | 37 429 (21 366–56 607) | ‥ | 27 009 (14 290–43 424) | ‥ | 64 438 (37 339–94 174) |
| Intimate partner violence | ‥ | ‥ | ‥ | 186 365 (92 028–280 059) | ‥ | 186 365 (92 028–280 059) |
No data indicates that attributable deaths were not quantified.