Table 1.

Functional Differences between Native versus Tissue-Engineered Fibers.

Native Fibers			Tissue-Engineered Fibers
Value	Muscle	Ref	Value	Cell Type	Ref
Muscle Fiber Type
Type I: 50% Type IIa: 38% Type IIb: 12%γ	Human vastus lateralis	108	Type I: 10% Type IIa: 0% Type IIb: 10% Type IId: 26% Embryonic: 44% Perinatal: 8%γ	Primary mouse myoblasts	109
Type I: 48.7 ± 0.9 Type I/IIa: 0.1 ± 0.1 Type IIa: 42.2 ± 1.6 Type IIax: 2.8 ± 0.5 TypeIIx: 6.2 ± 1.6β	Human vastus lateralis	110	Type I: 56% Type IIa: 0% Type IIx: 5% Embryonic: 11% Perinatal: 28%γ	Human muscle derived cells	9
Type I: 52.3 ± 3.2 Type I/IIa: 2.1 ± 0.7 Type IIa: 41.3 ± 2.2 Type IIax: 1.2 ± 0.2 TypeIIx:2.8 ± 0.8 Type IIxb: 0.3 ± 0.2β	Rat vastus intermedius	110	Type I: 75% Type IIa: 1% Type IIb: 11% Perinatal:13%γ	Mouse primary myoblast	29
Type I: 2.4 ± 0.5 Type I/IIa: 0.3 ± 0.2 Type IIa: 37.6 ± 3.2 Type IIax: 9.4 ± 0.6 TypeIIx: 24.7 ± 1.3 Type IIxb: 2.1 ± 0.5 Type IIb: 23.5 ± 2.5β	Mouse vastus intermedius	110	Type I: 68% Type IIa: 1% Type IIb: 14% Perinatal: 17%γ	C2C12 cell line	29
Tetanus to Twitch Ratio
6.25±3.13	Rat soleus	72	2.11±0.25	Rat neonatal primary myoblasts	26
9.09±0.83 7.14±1.53	Rat sternohyoid Rat extensor digitorum longus	73	2.45±0.28	Rat primary myoblasts	25
5.26±1.94 4.93±1.45 7.19±2.59	Rat gastrocnemius Type IIA Type IIX Type I	74	2.15±0.40	Mouse primary myoblasts	68
10.6±6.1	Human first dorsal interosseous	71	~4	Primary mouse myoblasts	70
Specific Force (kN/m2)
155 ± 13α	Human tibialis anterior	111	36.3	Primary rat myoblast	112
150 ± 12α	Human soleus	111	2.9	Primary rat myoblasts	2
235 ± 6β	Mouse extensor digitorum longus	113	0.893±0.110	Primary mouse myoblasts	70
259 ± 18α	259 ± 18α	114	19.2	C2C12 + fibroblasts	115
			0.9 ± 3.6γ	Avian myoblasts	116

^α: Mean ± SD

^β: Mean ± SE

^γ: Value estimated from figure