Table 2.
Multiple linear regression models showing the association between stride-to-stride variability of stride time (dependent variable) and fear of falling (independent variable, with the group with no fear of falling and no falls used as reference) adjusted on participants’ characteristics (n = 1023)
| Change in CoV of stride time* | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1† | Model 2† | Model 3† | Model 4† | Model 5† | |||||||||||
| ß | 95% CI | P-value | ß | 95% CI | P-value | ß | 95% CI | P-value | ß | 95% CI | P-value | ß | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Fear of falling and falls combination | |||||||||||||||
| No fear of falling and no falls | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
| No fear of falling and falls | 0.017 | [-0.003;0.005] | 0.586 | 0.010 | [-0.004;0.005] | 0.747 | 0.006 | [-0.004;0.005] | 0.847 | -0.006 | [-0.004;0.004] | 0.847 | -0.005 | [-0.004;0.004] | 0.876 |
| Fear of falling and no falls | 0.066 | [0.000;0.011] | 0.038 | 0.056 | [-0.001;0.010] | 0.084 | 0.047 | [-0.001;0.010] | 0.142 | 0.030 | [-0.003;0.008] | 0.340 | 0.030 | [-0.003;0.008] | 0.339 |
| Fear of falling and falls | 0.110 | [0.004;0.015] | 0.001 | 0.096 | [0.003;0.014] | 0.003 | 0.082 | [0.001;0.012] | 0.014 | 0.044 | [-0.002;0.009] | 0.175 | 0.042 | [-0.002;0.009] | 0.192 |
| Age | 0.118 | [0.000;0.001] | <0.001 | 0.106 | [0.000;0.001] | 0.002 | 0.055 | [0.000;0.001] | 0.094 | 0.047 | [0.000;0.001] | 0.157 | |||
| Female gender | 0.041 | [-0.001;0.005] | 0.205 | 0.044 | [-0.001;0.006] | 0.184 | 0.027 | [-0.002;0.005] | 0.401 | 0.030 | [-0.002;0.005] | 0.349 | |||
| Number of drugs daily taken per day | 0.049 | [0.000;0.001] | 0.136 | 0.004 | [-0.001;0.001] | 0.903 | 0.002 | [-0.001;0.001] | 0.941 | ||||||
| Body mass index | 0.052 | [0.000;0.001] | 0.100 | -0.004 | [0.000;0.000] | 0.909 | -0.006 | [0.000;0.000] | 0.837 | ||||||
| Lower limb proprioception‡ | -0.001 | [-0.001;0.001] | 0.960 | 0.016 | [-0.001;0.001] | 0.612 | 0.015 | [-0.001;0.001] | 0.636 | ||||||
| Visual acuity§ | -0.017 | [-0.001;0.001] | 0.606 | 0.015 | [-0.001;0.001] | 0.629 | -0.021 | [0.000;0.001] | 0.500 | ||||||
| Walking speed | -0,298 | [-0,042;-0,027] | <0.001 | -0.292 | [-0.041;-0.026] | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Use of psychoactive drugs|| | -0.016 | [-0.002;-0.001] | 0.608 | ||||||||||||
| Cognitive impairment# | -0.057 | [-0.008;0.000] | 0.060 | ||||||||||||
CI = confident interval; CoV: Coefficient of variation; β: Coefficient of regression beta corresponding to increase or decrease in CoV of stride time expressed in%; *: increase or decrease; †: Separated models (Model 1: univariate model; Model 2: Model adjusted for age and gender; Model 3: Model 2 plus adjustment on number of drug daily taken, body mass index, lower limb proprioception and visual acuity; Model 4: Model 3 plus adjustment on walking speed; Model 5: Model 4 plus adjustment on use of psychoactive drugs and cognitive impairment); ‡: Mean value of left and right side and based on graduated tuning fork placed on the lower limb; §: Binocular visual acuity at a distance of 5 m with a Snellen letter test chart; ||: Use of benzodiazepines or antidepressants or neuroleptics; #: Participants with impaired Clock drawing test.