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. 2014 Aug 30;4(8):e005254. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005254

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Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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(A) Fraction of subjects showing heavy bacterial colonisation; (B) serum levels of IgG to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. A high bacterial colony-forming unit (CFU) count was defined arbitrarily (see text). In B, the subjects were separated into two subgroups depending on whether there was a high CFU count (‘Positives’) for any of the cultured samples. **p<0.01, as compared with HC; #p<0.01, ##p<0.001, as compared with eRA. The median and 5% and 99% percentiles are shown. eRA, early RA patients (<0.5 years RA duration); HC, healthy controls (women with no RA among close relatives); HR, healthy first-degree female relatives of RA patients; laRA, late RA patients (>3 years RA duration); RA, rheumatoid arthritis.