Table 1 & 2. Human Parent Brain Responses to Infant Stimuli.
Parental brain papers are comprehensively listed in chronological order and according to responses mothers, fathers and psychopathology - to baby cry (table 1) and visual stimuli (table 2) with columns for parent group, time point (age of infant), experimental paradigm, and study design. Brain networks related to parenting featured in the article are also indicated. Empty boxes indicate lack of significance in the networks define as:
- Arousal/Salience = amygdala, ventral striatum
- Reflex Care = hypothalamus
- Emotion Regulation = mPFC, ACC
- Cognition = dlPFC, insula, inferior frontal and orbitofrontal gyri, temporoparietal junction
| Author, Year | Parent Group N | Age of Infants | Paradigm, Variable | Study Design | Brain Network | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arousal Salience | Reflex Care | Emotion Regulation | Cognition | |||||
| Baby-Cry, Mothers | ||||||||
| Lorberbaum et al., 1999 | 4 | 3 weeks-3.5 years | Other vs. control | 30s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Lorberbaum et al., 2002 | 10 | 1–2 months | Other vs. control | 30s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Seifritz, 2003 | 10 | <3 years | Other vs. control, +ve/−ve | 6 s events | Y | N | Y | Y |
| Swain et al., 2003, 2004a, 2006 | 11–14 | 2–4 weeks & 3–4 months | Own vs. other, experience & thoughts | 30s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Swain et al., 2008 | 12 | 2–4 weeks | Own vs. other, Delivery | 30s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Kim et al., 2010a | 26 | 2–4 weeks | Own vs. control, Early-Life | 30s blocks | Y | N | Y | Y |
| Kim et al., 2011 | 20 | 2–4 weeks | Own vs. Other, Feeding | 30s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Laurent & Ablow, 2012 | 22 | 18 months | Own vs. Other, Attachment | 21s blocks | ||||
| Laurent, Stevens, & Ablow, 2011 | 22 | 18 months | Own vs. Other, HPA axis | 21s blocks | N | Y | Y | Y |
| Venuti et al., 2012 | 9 (of 18) | >4years | Hunger cry vs. noise, atypical cry from infants with autism | 10s events | N | N | Y | Y |
| Baby Cry, Fathers | ||||||||
| Seifritz, 2003 | 10 | <3 years | Other vs. control, +ve/−ve | 6 s events | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Swain et al., 2003, 2004a | 9 | 2–4 weeks & 3–4 months | Own vs. other, experience & thoughts | 21s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| De Pisapia et al, 2013 | 9M + 9F | 1 year | Hunger cry; males vs. females | 14s blocks | N | N | N | |
| Baby Cry, Maternal-pathology | ||||||||
| Laurent & Ablow, 2011 | 22 | 18 months | Own vs. Other, Postpartum Depression | 21s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Musser et al., 2012 | 22 | 18 months | Own vs. Other, Maternal Sensitivity | 21s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Landi et al., 2011 | 54 | 2 months | Other vs. noise, high & low distress cry, substance abuse | 2s, events | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Author, Year | Parent Group N | Age of Infants | Paradigm, Variable | Study Design | Brain Network | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arousal Salience | Reflex Care | Emotion Regulation | Cognition | |||||
| Mothers | Baby Visuals | |||||||
| Swain et al., 2003/4/5, prep | 9–14 | 2–4 weeks & 3–4 months | Own vs. other, experience & thoughts | 30s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Bartels and Zeki, 2004 | 19 | 9 months – 6 years | Own vs. other, comparison with romantic partner | 15s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Leibenluft et al., 2004 | 7 | 5–12 years | Own vs. other | 1.5s event | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Ranote et al., 2004 | 10 | 4–8 months | Own vs. other | 20–40s | Y | Y | N | N |
| Nitschke et al., 2004 | 6 | 2–4 months | Own vs. other, affect | 30s blocks | N | N | Y | Y |
| Strathearn et al., 2005,2008,2009 | 28–30 | 3–18 months | Own vs. other, affect, OT | 2s events | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Noriuchi et al., 2008 | 13 | 15– 20months | Own vs. other, distressed | 32s video | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Lenzi et al., 2009 | 16 | 6–12 months | Own vs. other, joy/distress | 2s events | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Atzil et al., 2011 | 28 | 4–6 months | Own vs. other, parenting syn | 2min video | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Barrett et al., 2011 | 22 | 3 months | Own vs. other, parenting | 3s events | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Reim et al., 2011 | 21 (non-mom) | N/A | Cry (2 day) vs. control | 10s events | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Atzil et al., 2012 | 15 | 4–6 months | Own videos, synchrony, OT | 2min video | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Lahey et al., 2012 | 35 | 4–6years | Own vs. other, parenting | 13s video | N | N | Y | Y |
| Fathers | Baby Visuals | |||||||
| Swain et al., 2003,2004a,2004b,2005, subm | 9–14 | 2–4 weeks & 3–4 months | Own vs. other, experience & thoughts | 30s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Atzil et al., 2012 | 15 | 4–6 months | Own videos, synchrony, OT | 2min video | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Kuo et al., 2012 | 10 | 2–4 months | Own vs. other videos, Baby vs. Doll videos | 15s video | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Mascaro et al. 2013 | 70 | 1–2 years | Own vs. other images, measure T, father-behav | 14s blocks, regional | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Maternal Psycho-pathology | Baby Visuals | |||||||
| Moses-Kolko, et al., 2010 | 30 | 12 weeks | Emotion faces, depression | 4s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Schechter et al 2012 | 20 | 12–42months | Own>Other, IPV-PTSD | 40s video | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Moser et al., 2013 | 20 | 12–42months | Own>Other, IPV-PTSD | 40s video | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Laurent & Ablow, 2013 | 22 | 18 months | Own vs. other - depression | 18s blocks | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Glossary for Table: Activations and deactivations, measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging, satisfied significance criteria of random effects analysis at p<0.05 or fixed effects analysis at p<0.001 at a minimum.