Figure 4. Pglyrp3^−/−Nod2^−/− mice have changes in intestinal bacterial flora, however only Pglyrp3-dependent changes contribute to the increased sensitivity to colitis in Pglyrp3^−/− Nod2^−/− mice.

(A) Changes in the composition of bacterial flora in the stools of WT and knockout mice in all Eubacteria and the indicated bacterial groups, measured by qPCR; (B) WT germ-free mice were treated with 4% DSS and gavaged daily with stool homogenates from conventionally raised WT, Nod2^−/−, Pglyrp3^−/−, or Pglyrp3^−/−Nod2^−/− mice or (C) Nod2^−/− mice were pre-treated with antibiotics for 3 weeks and then gavaged daily with stool homogenates from conventionally raised WT or Pglyrp3^−/− and treated with 4% DSS. Development of colitis in B and C was evaluated by measuring survival, body weight, and stool score. Gross rectal bleeding in mice gavaged with stools from Pglyrp3^−/− mice but not from WT mice is shown in (C). The results are means ± SEM of (A) 18 mice/group and (B and C) 6 mice/group from 2 experiments. Significance of differences for (A) *, knockout versus WT; (B) *, Pglyrp3^−/− versus Nod2^−/− and WT; #, Pglyrp3^−/−Nod2^−/− versus Nod2^−/− and WT; ^, Pglyrp3^−/−Nod2^−/− versus Pglyrp3^−/−; (C) *, Pglyrp3^−/− versus WT; *, #, ^, P ≤ 0.05; **, ##, ^^, P ≤ 0.005.