Table 1.
Summary of Morris Water Maze findings after LPS or IL-1β challenges. All data refer to hidden platform versions of the MWM and all papers are fully referenced and discussed in the main text. N.D.: not determined in this study. No effect: LPS/IL-1β did not impair animals on this measure. Arrows indicate increase (↑) or decrease (↓). In probe trials (in which the hidden platform has been removed): + no preference (the data is shown, or described in text, and animals spend only 25% of distance travelled in target quadrant).
| Reference | Species | Treatment | Dose | Route of Admin | Timing (before testing) | Latency to find platform | Distance (path length) | Route taken | Probe or retention (r) trial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oitzl (1993) | Rat | IL-1β | 100 ng | i.c.v. | 60 min | ↑(day 2, trial 1) | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
| Rat | IL-6 | 100 ng | i.c.v. | 60 min | No effect | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | |
| Rat | IL-1β | 100 ng | i.c.v. | 0 min | No effect | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | |
| Gibertini(1995) | Mouse | Legionella | 8 × 106 | i.p. | 24 hours | ↑ | ↑ | N.D. | no+preference |
| Mouse | IL-1β | 100 ng | i.p. | 2 hours | ↑ | no effect | N.D. | N.D. | |
|
Gibertini (1998) spaced protocol |
Mouse | IL-1β | 100 ng | i.p. | 2 hours | N.D. | no effect | ↑ thigmotaxis | no preference |
| spaced protocol | Mouse | IL-1β | 1000 ng | i.p. | 2 hours | N.D. | ↓ | N.D. | N.D. |
| massed protocol | Mouse | IL-1β | 100 ng | i.p. | 2 hours | 23°C↑ 18°C No effect |
N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
| Arai (2001) | Mouse | LPS | 400-800 μg/kg | i.p. | 6 hours | ↑ | N.D. | N.D. | no* impairment |
|
Shaw (2001) Fixed start location |
Rat | LPS | 100μg/kg | i.p. | 4 hours | no effect | ↓(day 1-3) | path analyses suggest deficit | no^ difference |
| Yirmiya (2002) | Rat | IL-1β | 10 ng | i.c.v. | immediately after training | no effect | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
| Rat | IL-1 ra | 100 ng | i.c.v. | immediately after training | ↑ | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | |
| Song (2004) | Rat | IL-1β | 15 ng | i.c.v. | immediately after training | ↑ | N.D. | ↑ thigmotaxis | no preference |
| Sparkman (2005c) | Mouse | LPS | 250μg/kg | i.p. | 4 hours | ↑ | no effect d1 modest ↑d3 | N.D | No (r) impairment |
| Sparkman (2005a) | Mouse | LPS | 250μg/kg | i.p. | 4 hours | ↑ | no effect | thigmotaxis shown | No (r) impairment |
| Thomson (2006) | Rat | IL-1β | 2μg/kg | i.p. | 1 and 24 hours | no effect | N.D. | N.D. | no impairment |
no impairment (the data is shown and treated animals show a clear preference for the target quadrant).
no difference - the limited probe data shows no difference between treated and control groups. Probe trials have been performed at variable times post-training as discussed in the text. Retention trials (r) are performed, like probe trials, at the end of training but retain the hidden platform.