Table 2. Relationship between smoking habits and survivability of dental implants.
Implant failure rate was higher among smokers. There is a tendency to a higher failure rate with the increasing number of cigarettes per day.
| Smoking habit | Failed implants N (%) |
Surviving implants N (%) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smokers | YES | 135 (5.6) | 2,271 (94.4) | 0.001 |
| NO | 185 (3.5) | 5,074 (96.5) | ||
| Number of cigarettes per day | 1–10 | 32 (4.3) | 720 (95.7) | 0.059 |
| 11–20 | 50 (5.3) | 891 (94.7) | ||
| 21–30 | 34 (6.9) | 462 (93.1) | ||
| 31–40 | 18 (9.2) | 177 (90.8) | ||
| Smoking years | Non-smokers | 185 (3.5) | 5,074 (96.5) | 0.001 |
| Up to 10 years | 14 (3.5) | 384 (96.5) | ||
| More than 10 years | 121 (6) | 1,887 (94) | ||
| Ex-smokers—no. of cigarettes per day | 1–30 | 40 (2.8) | 1,382 (97.2) | 0.007 |
| More than 30 | 20 (6.0) | 311 (94.0) | ||
| Ex-smokers—no. of years without smoking until implantation |
2–15 | 31 (2.3) | 1,316 (97.7) | 0.001 |
| Exposure to passive smoking (the smoke of others) in closed places |
Yes | 39 (5) | 741 (95.0) | 0.001 |
| No | 21 (2.1) | 994 (97.9) | ||
| Smoking status | Non smokers | 125 (3.6) | 3,334 (96.4) | 0.001 |
| Past smokers | 60 (3.3) | 1,740 (96.7) | ||
| Present smokers | 135 (5.6) | 2,271 (94.4) | ||
| Pack years | Non-smokers | 186 (3.5) | 5,088 (96.5) | 0.001 |
| x ≤ 1 | 15 (3.6) | 399 (96.4) | ||
| 1 < x ≤ 5 | 27 (4.3) | 602 (95.7) | ||
| 5 < x ≤ 10 | 41 (5.7) | 676 (94.3) | ||
| x > 10 | 52 (8.0) | 594 (92.0) |