Table 5.
Comparison of exact and approximate measurement invariance of 19 values across eight countries.
| Exact (Cieciuch et al., 2014) | Approximate (the current study) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | Scalar | Metric and scalar | |
| Self-direction thought | Full in all countries | Partial in all countries | Full in all countries |
| Self-direction action | Full in five countries, partial in Finland and Portugal, absent in Italy | Full in all countries | Full in all countries |
| Stimulation | Full in all countries | Full in all countries | Full in all countries* |
| Hedonism | Full in seven countries, Absent in Switzerland | Full in six countries, absent in Switzerland, Poland | Full in all countries |
| Achievement | Full in six countries, partial in Finland and Poland | Absent in all countries | Full in all countries* |
| Power dominance | Full in all countries | Full in six countries, absent in Portugal, Italy | Full in all countries |
| Power resources | Full in all countries | Full in seven countries, absent in Poland | Full in all countries |
| Face | Full in all countries | Absent in all countries | Full in all countries |
| Security personal | Full in all countries | Full in six countries, absent in Israel and Switzerland | Full in all countries |
| Societal security | Full in seven countries, partial in Portugal | Partial in all countries | Full in all countries |
| Tradition | Full in all countries | Absent in all countries | Full in all countries |
| Conformity rules | Full in all countries | Absent in all countries | Full in all countries |
| Conformity interpersonal | Full in all countries | Absent in all countries | Full in all countries |
| Humility | Full in all countries | Absent in all countries | Full in all countries* |
| Universalism nature | Full in all countries | Full in four countries, partial in Israel, Italy, and New Zealand, absent in Switzerland | Full in all countries |
| Universalism concern | Full in all countries | Full in five countries, partial in New Zealand, Portugal, absent in Germany | Full in all countries |
| Universalism tolerance | Full in all countries | Full in six countries, absent in Poland and Portugal | Full in all countries |
| Benevolence caring | Full in all countries | Full in seven countries, partial in Finland | Full in all countries |
| Benevolence dependability | Full in all countries | Absent in all countries | Full in all countries |
*
The allowed variance for the cross-country difference between intercepts and the loadings was 0.02. In all other cases it was 0.01.