Table 3. Odds ratio of DM groups being associated with overall prostate cancer or high-grade (Gleason score ≥7) prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy.

Overall prostate cancer detection
	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age	1.059 (1.043–1.076)	<0.001	1.062 (1.043–1.081)	<0.001
PSA	1.043 (1.030–1.056)	<0.001	1.051 (1.033–1.069)	<0.001
Prostate volume	0.974 (0.966–0.981)	<0.001	0.957 (0.948–0.966)	<0.001
Abnormal DRE finding	2.341 (1.661–3.300)	<0.001	1.556 (1.033–2.345)	0.034
DM−	reference	-	reference	-
DM+GC	0.612 (0.434–0.863)	0.005	0.759 (0.517–1.115)	0.160
DM+PC	1.903 (1.254–2.888)	0.002	2.313 (1.408–3.799)	0.001
High-grade prostate cancer
	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age	1.062 (1.043–1.082)	<0.001	1.057 (1.035–1.079)	<0.001
PSA	1.039 (1.027–1.051)	<0.001	1.066 (1.046–1.085)	<0.001
Prostate volume	0.973 (0.965–0.982)	<0.001	0.951 (0.940–0.963)	<0.001
Abnormal DRE finding	1.967 (1.351–2.865)	<0.001	1.270 (0.803–2.008)	0.307
DM−	reference	-	reference	-
DM+GC	0.560 (0.371–0.845)	0.006	0.692 (0.434–1.104)	0.122
DM+PC	1.095 (0.666–1.799)	0.721	1.297 (0.729–2.307)	0.376

OR, odds ratio for positive biopsy; CI, confidence interval; DRE, digital rectal examination, DM, diabetes mellitus; DM−, no DM; DM+GC, DM with good glycemic control, HbA1c <6.5%; DM+PC, DM with poor glycemic control, HbA1c ≥6.5%.