Figure 1. Cobb angles measurements.

Lateral and ventro-dorsal radiographs of a neurologically normal Pug with a congenital vertebral malformation at the eighth thoracic vertebra (T8) identified as an incidental finding (A,C) and a clinically affected Pug with a related congenital vertebral malformation at the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7) (B,D). The placement of the reference lines for the calculation of the kyphotic (lateral radiograph) and scoliotic (ventro-dorsal radiograph) angles is shown. The lines pass over the cranial vertebral end plate of T7 and over the caudal vertebral end plate of the ninth thoracic vertebra (T9) in the normal pug (A,C); and similarly over the vertebral end plates of the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6) and T8 in the affected pug (B,D).