Table 2.
Posture, activity and measurements adopted during postural control evaluation.
| Author | Posture | Activity | Extrinsic factors | Assessment tools | Dependent variables | Other analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nashner et al. (1983) | Stand | Static stance | Manipulation of visual conditions (eyes open, eyes closed and stabilized vision), postural perturbations with displacement of the support surface and postural manipulation with voluntary arm movements |
Force plate signal analysis and surface electromyography recordings |
Torsional forces, total vertical force exerted by foot resting upon its surface, horizontal force exerted by the child during voluntary arm movements, muscle onset latency |
|
| Liao et al. (1997) | Stand | Gait and static stance |
Postural perturbations with movement of support basis associated to manipulation of visual conditions |
Commercial device associated to force plate |
Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions and area of CoP excursion |
Analysis of gait velocity and Physiological Cost Index |
| Burtner et al. (1998) | Stand | Static stance | Postural perturbations with movement of support basis in both groups associated to crouch position in the control group |
Surface electromyographic recordings |
Muscle onset latencies | |
| Burtner et al. (1999) | Stand | Static stance | Postural perturbations with movement of support basis |
Surface electromyographic recordings |
Muscles onset latencies and time difference between perturbations and muscle onset response |
Kinematic analysis with optical electronic movement-analysis system |
| Cherng et al. (1999) | Stand | Static stance | Postural perturbations with movement of support basis associated to manipulation of visual conditions |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions and area of CoP excursion |
|
| Ferdjallah et al. (2002) | Stand | Static stance | Manipulation of visual conditions (eyes open/eyes closed) |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions |
|
| Roncesvalles et al. (2002) | Stand | Static stance | Postural perturbations with displacement of support surface |
Surface electromyographic recordings |
Muscle onset latencies, frequency of stretch reflex, co-contraction rate, baseline muscle activity |
|
| Rose et al. (2002) | Stand | Static stance | Manipulation of visual conditions (eyes open/eyes closed) |
Force plate signal analysis | CoP calculations of path length/s, average radial displacement, mean frequency of sway, and Brownian random motion measures of the short- term diffusion coefficient, and long- term scaling exponent |
|
| Liao and Hwang (2003) | Stand | Static stance | Manipulation of visual conditions (eyes open, eyes closed, swaying vision) and postural perturbations with displacement of support surface |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of the CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions and area of sway |
Analysisofgross motor ability and clinical balance test |
| Burtner et al. (2007) | Stand | Static stance | Postural perturbations with movement of support basis |
Force plate signal analysis | COP trajectory, directional changes in CoP trajectory and percentage of the total displacement of CoP after balance recover |
|
| Chen and Woollacott (2007) | Stand | Static stance | Postural perturbations with movement of support basis |
Force plate signal analysis | Joint torque onset latency, maximum joint torque and rate of joint torque generation |
Kinematic collected data |
| Corrêa et al. (2007) | Stand | Static stance | Absence of perturbation in both groups associated to proprioceptive manipulation in control group |
Pressure platform analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions and mean velocity of CoP excursion |
|
| Liu et al. (2007) | Stand | Manual reaching |
Force plate signal analysis | CoP excursion, amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P (CoPx) and M-L (CoPy) directions, velocity of CoP excursion, onset time of the first CoP excursion |
Temporal analysis of the movement with electronic switches |
|
| Näslund et al. (2007) | Stand | Manual reaching |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitudes of A-P ground reaction forces during the reaching |
3D optoelectronic kinematic analysis and surface electromyography recording |
|
| Zaino and McCoy (2008) | Stand | Manual reaching |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions and mean velocity of CoP excursion |
Surface electromyography recording |
|
| Donker et al. (2008) | Stand | Static stance | Manipulation of visual conditions (eyes open/eyes closed) |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions and CoP regularity |
|
| Reilly et al. (2008) | Stand | Static stance | Interaction between executive attention (visual working memory) and postural control (wide and narrow stance) |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions and the RMS of the velocity of CoP displacement in A-P and M-L directions |
|
| Cherng et al. (2009) | Sitting | Manual reaching |
Postural perturbation with different seat inclinations |
Force plate signal analysis | Magnitude of the peak vertical ground reaction force and amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions |
|
| Hsue et al. (2009) | Stand | Gait | Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions |
3D optoelectronic kinematic analysis |
|
| Rha et al. (2010) | Stand | Static stance | Tactile proprioceptive manipulation (with and without hinged ankle–foot orthoses) |
Force plate signal analysis | Amplitude of CoP excursion in A-P and M-L directions, CoP coordinates of path length per second, and sway contribution from ankle control, hip load/unload, and body transverse rotation. |
|
| Saavedra et al. (2010) | Sitting | Static stance | Manipulation of visual conditions (eyes open/eyes closed) and external trunk support |
Magnetic tracking | Displacement-related measure of the head, mean velocity of the head, speed variability of the head, frequency of head displacement |
|
| Barela et al. (2011) | Stand | Static stance | Coupling between visual information and body sway (moving room) |
Infrared emitter (OPTOTRAK– Digital Northern, Inc). |
Mean amplitude (AP), gain values, phase values, position variability of body sway, and velocity variability of body sway. |
|
| Bigongiari et al. (2011) | Sitting | Manual grasping |
Manipulation of tactile-proprioceptive information (effect of mass of the object grasped) |
Surface electromyographic recordings |
Intensity of muscular activation, degree of reciprocal inhibition, amount of co- contraction. |
|
| Girolami et al. (2011) | Stand | Upper limbs movement |
Force plate signal analysis, surface electromyographic recordings and accelerometer measures |
Baseline muscle activity, anticipatory muscle activity, COP displacements in the anterior/posterior direction and peak acceleration during the movement |
||
| Ju et al. (2012) | Sitting | Functional raching |
The direction of the reaching: (1) anterior, (2) deviated 40° laterally, and (3) deviated 40° medially |
Force plate signal analysis, | Hand-reach movement units (hand_MUs), sway ratio (SR), and mean ground reaction force in the anterior and posterior direction (GRF-AP) |
3D optoelectronic kinematic analysis |