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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(5):933–939. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000197

Table 2.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for total and cause-specific mortality vs. MET-hours/d walked or run in 2,160 diabetic participants of the National Walkers’ and Runners’ Health Studies.

Categorical model, i.e. hazard ratios for categories
of MET-hours/d run or walked relative to <1.07
MET-hours/d		 Continuous model, i.e., reduction in risk per MET-
hours/d walked or ran.
1.07 to 1.8 MET-hours/d ≥1.8 MET-hours/d Linear (MET-hours/day) Quadratic (MET-
hours/day2)*
Total mortality 0.925
(0.676, 1.247)
P=0.61		 0.635
(0.489, 0.821)
P=0.0005		 0.860
(0.797, 0.927)
P=0.0001		 1.012
(1.005, 1.018)
P=0.003
Underlying cause
Cardiovascular disease
(ICD10 I00–I99)
125 deaths		 0.597
(0.339, 0.991)
P=0.05		 0.429
(0.275, 0.656)
P=0.0001		 0.770
(0.671, 0.876)
P=0.0001		 1.017
(1.002, 1.027)
P=0.03
Ischemic heart disease
(ICD10I20–I25)
82 deaths		 0.535
(0.243, 1.055)
P=0.07		 0.663
(0.399, 1.088)
P=0.10		 0.880
(0.755, 1.016)
P=0.08		 1.011
(0.991, 1.021)
P=0.20
Other cardiovascular
disease, 43 deaths		 0.666
(0.282, 1.340)
P=0.30		 0.121
(0.035, 0.318)
P=0.0001		 0.523
(0.374, 0.697)
P=0.0001		 1.036
(0.957, 1.057)
P=0.22
Underlying and contributing cause (All related deaths)
Cardiovascular disease
(ICD10 I00–I99)
213 deaths		 0.762
(0.507, 1.115)
P=0.17		 0.541
(0.389, 0.745)
P=0.0002		 0.818
(0.741, 0.899)
P=0.0001		 1.016
(1.009, 1.022)
P=0.0003
Ischemic heart disease
(ICD10I20–I25)
120 deaths		 0.547
(0.294, 0.949)
P=0.03		 0.589
(0.385, 0.890)
P=0.01		 0.839
(0.736, 0.949)
P=0.005		 1.014
(1.001, 1.023)
P=0.04
Dysrhythmias
(ICD10I46–I49)
72 deaths		 0.493
(0.200, 1.053)
P=0.07		 0.705
(0.415, 1.190)
P=0.19		 0.917
(0.786, 1.062)
P=0.25		 1.010
(0.994, 1.020)
P=0.18
Heart failure
(ICD10I20)
72 deaths		 1.683
(0.814, 3.349)
P=0.15		 0.395
(0.170, 0.859)
P=0.02		 0.748
(0.587, 0.929)
P=0.008		 1.022
(0.990, 1.037)
P=0.12
Cerebrovascular disease
(ICD10I60–I69)
32 deaths		 0.622
(0.179, 1.674)
P=0.04		 0.448
(0.177, 1.031)
P=0.06		 0.789
(0.591, 1.014)
P=0.07		 1.028
(1.013, 1.045)
P=0.0006
Hypertensive disease
(ICD10I10–I13)
50 deaths		 1.048
(0.495, 2.075)
P=0.90		 0.356
(0.167, 0.716)
P=0.003		 0.720
(0.575, 0.881)
P=0.001		 1.020
(0.983, 1.035)
P=0.19
Sepsis
(ICD10A40– A41)
27 deaths		 Not estimated Not estimated 0.658
(0.461, 0.892)
P=0.006		 1.042
(0.965, 1.078)
P=0.19
Chronic kidney disease
(ICD10N18)
18 deaths		 0.170
(0.009, 0.867)
P=0.03		 0.195
(0.042, 0.647)
P=0.006		 0.576
(0.344, 0.873)
P=0.007		 1.032
(0.943, 1.062)
P=0.29
Pneumonia and influenza (ICD10J10–J18), 22 deaths 0.743
(0.168, 2.364)
P=0.64		 0.260
(0.067, 0.783)
P=0.02		 0.685
(0.452, 0.961)
P=0.03		 1.022
(0.857, 1.051)
P=0.67

Adjusted for baseline age (age and age2), sex, years of education, prior heart attack, baseline smoking status (current smoker vs. non-smoker), cohort (phase I runner, phase II runner, walker), and intakes of meat, fruit, and alcohol.

*

A non-significant positive quadratic term would suggest a continuing proportional decline in mortality as described by the linear term, whereas a significant positive quadratic term would suggest that at higher exercise doses there is a diminished risk reduction as higher exercise doses (i.e., a leveling off of the risk reduction)