Figure 5.

Transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) fragments enhance cellular toxicity. (A) The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into media was used as an indicator of cell toxicity. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured 48 hours after cells were treated with digested TDP-43. Data from three separate experiments. Values represent means± s.e.m., n=6. A difference was considered to be statistically significant when *P<0.05 compared with calpain control solution, ^#P<0.05 compared with caspase control solution. (B) Cellular toxicity detected by propidium iodine (PI) nuclear staining. Cells treated with TDP-43, digested TDP-43 by either caspase-3 or calpain for 24 hours. Magnification × 200, scale bar, 50 μm.